chessboard is set up and study the pieces and how they are used, you will realize that chess is a miniature history of medieval times. The six different chess pieces on the board represent a cross section of medieval life with its many ceremonies, grandeur and wars. Chess was played many centuries ago in China, India and Persia, but theories vary about its specific country of origin. Through a series of invasions, chess quickly spread throughout all of Europe.Europeans gave chess pieces the names we know today, to reflect the way they lived. The names represent the way in which both ordinary people and persons of rank lived their lives.
The pawns on the chessboard represent serfs, or laborers. There are more of them than any other piece on the board, and often they are sacrificed to save the more valuable pieces. In medieval times, serfs were considered no more than property of landowners, or chattel. Life was brutally hard for serfs during this era of history. They worked hard and died young. They were often left unprotected while wars raged around them. They could be traded, used as a diversion, or even sacrificed to allow landowners to escape harm. The castle piece on a chessboard is the home, or the refuge, just as it was a home in medieval times.
The knight on a chessboard represents the professional soldier of medieval times, whose jobit was to protect persons of rank, and there are two of them per each side in a game of chess.Knights in chess are more important than pawns but less important than bishops, kings, orqueens. Their purpose in the game of chess is to protect the more important pieces, and they can be sacrificed to save those pieces just as pawns can. There is a bishop in the game of chess, who represents the church. The church was a rich and mighty force in medieval times, and religion played a large part in daily life. It is no wonder that a figure that represented the concept of religion found its way into the game. A bishop was the title for a priest in the Catholic Church who had risen through the ranks to a more powerful position.
In the game of chess, there are two bishops on each side. The queen is the only piece on the board during a chess game that represents a woman, and she is the most powerful piece of the game. In chess, there is only one queen on each side. Many people do not realize that queens in medieval times often held a powerful, yet precarious, position. The king was often guided by her advice, and in many cases the queen played games of intrigue at court. Kings, however, could set their wives aside or even imprison them in nunneries with the approval ofthe church (and without the queen’s approval), and many women schemed merely to hold their place at court.
Thursday, May 21, 2009
Pollution
Pollution is not a new phenomenon. In fact, pollution has been a problem since the appearance of our earliest ancestors (Markham, 1994). Increasing human populations have opened the door to more bacteria and disease. During the Middle Ages, diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever broke out all across Europe. These epidemics were directly related to unsanitary conditions caused by human and animal wastes, and garbage. In 1347, the bacterium Yersinia pestis, carried by rats and spread by fleas, caused the "Black Death" -- an outbreak of bubonic plague. Unsanitary conditions provided the perfect environment for the deadly bacteria to flourish.
By the 1800s, people began to understand that unsanitary living conditions and water contamination contributed to disease epidemics. This new awareness prompted major cities to take measures to control waste and garbage. In the mid-1850s, Chicago built the first major sewage system in the United States to treat wastewater. Soon, many other U.S. cities followed Chicago's lead (Merchant, 2002).
Improved sanitary conditions and less disease were important factors in making cities healthier places to live, and helped encourage people to move to urban areas. As cities became more populated towards the end of the 19th century, industrialized cities across Europe and the United States were experiencing a new kind of pollution: waste from industries and factories. In 1897, a report to the Royal Commission on River Pollution detailed the gross industrial contamination of the Tawe River in Wales, noting that it was polluted by "alkali works, copper works, sulfuric acid liquid, sulfate of iron from tin-plate works, and by slag, cinders and small coal" (Markham, 1994).
Water and air pollution in U.S. urban areas continued to increase well into the 20th century. The Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio, which flows into Lake Erie, became so polluted that the water erupted into flames! The first fire occurred in 1936, when a spark from a blowtorch ignited floating debris and oils. Over the next 30 years, the river caught fire several more times.
By the 1800s, people began to understand that unsanitary living conditions and water contamination contributed to disease epidemics. This new awareness prompted major cities to take measures to control waste and garbage. In the mid-1850s, Chicago built the first major sewage system in the United States to treat wastewater. Soon, many other U.S. cities followed Chicago's lead (Merchant, 2002).
Improved sanitary conditions and less disease were important factors in making cities healthier places to live, and helped encourage people to move to urban areas. As cities became more populated towards the end of the 19th century, industrialized cities across Europe and the United States were experiencing a new kind of pollution: waste from industries and factories. In 1897, a report to the Royal Commission on River Pollution detailed the gross industrial contamination of the Tawe River in Wales, noting that it was polluted by "alkali works, copper works, sulfuric acid liquid, sulfate of iron from tin-plate works, and by slag, cinders and small coal" (Markham, 1994).
Water and air pollution in U.S. urban areas continued to increase well into the 20th century. The Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio, which flows into Lake Erie, became so polluted that the water erupted into flames! The first fire occurred in 1936, when a spark from a blowtorch ignited floating debris and oils. Over the next 30 years, the river caught fire several more times.
Olympics
The origin of the Ancient Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend. One of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years. A legend persists that after Heracles completed his he built the as an honor to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance "stadium, "stage" which later became a unit of distance.
Another myth associates the first Games with the ancient Greek concept of Olympic truce (ἐκεχειρία, ekecheiria)The most widely accepted date for the inception of the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, of the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, and equestrian events Tradition has it that, a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion.
The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honoring both Zeus (whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia) and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was famous for his chariot race with The winners of the events were admired and immortalized in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement.
The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games. The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. There is no consensus on when the Games officially ended, the most common-held date is 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I declared that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated. Another date cited is 426 AD, when his successor Theodosius II ordered the destruction of all Greek temples. After the demise of the Olympics, they were not held again until the late 19th century.
Another myth associates the first Games with the ancient Greek concept of Olympic truce (ἐκεχειρία, ekecheiria)The most widely accepted date for the inception of the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, of the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, and equestrian events Tradition has it that, a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion.
The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honoring both Zeus (whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia) and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was famous for his chariot race with The winners of the events were admired and immortalized in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement.
The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games. The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. There is no consensus on when the Games officially ended, the most common-held date is 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I declared that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated. Another date cited is 426 AD, when his successor Theodosius II ordered the destruction of all Greek temples. After the demise of the Olympics, they were not held again until the late 19th century.
GOLF
The origin of golf is unclear and open to debate however the most accepted golf history theory is that golf (as practised today) originated from Scotland in the 12th century, with shepherds knocking stones into rabbit holes in the place where the famous Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews now sits. Scholars have claimed references to a form of golf from hieroglyphs found on stone tablets dating to ancient Egyptian Pharaohs a game consisting of driving a ball with a stick into holes in the ground, was first mentioned.
Here they played a game with a stick and leather ball. Whomever hit the ball into a target several hundreds of metres away the most number of times, won. The Scottish game of goulf (variously spelled) was mentioned in two 15th century laws prohibiting its play. Some scholars have suggested that this refers to another game, which is more akin to than golf. There are also reports of even earlier accounts of a golf like game from continental Europe. However, these earlier games are more accurately viewed as ancestors of golf, and the modern game as we understand it today originated and developed in Scotland.
The earliest permanent golf course originated there, as did the very first written rules, the establishment of the 18-hole course, and the first golf club memberships. The first formalized tournament structures also emerged there and competitions were arranged between different Scottish cities. Over time, the modern game spread to England and the rest of the world. The oldest playing golf course in the world is The Musselburgh Old Links Golf Course. Evidence has shown that golf was played here in 1672 although Mary, Queen of Scots reputedly played there in 1567. In 1646 King Charles I of England, whilst held captive by the Scots in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was reported to entertain himself by playing golf in Shieldfield.
As stated, golf courses have not always had eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea. As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews, in Fife, established a customary route through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the golf capital, all other courses chose to follow suit and the 18-hole course remains the standard today.
Here they played a game with a stick and leather ball. Whomever hit the ball into a target several hundreds of metres away the most number of times, won. The Scottish game of goulf (variously spelled) was mentioned in two 15th century laws prohibiting its play. Some scholars have suggested that this refers to another game, which is more akin to than golf. There are also reports of even earlier accounts of a golf like game from continental Europe. However, these earlier games are more accurately viewed as ancestors of golf, and the modern game as we understand it today originated and developed in Scotland.
The earliest permanent golf course originated there, as did the very first written rules, the establishment of the 18-hole course, and the first golf club memberships. The first formalized tournament structures also emerged there and competitions were arranged between different Scottish cities. Over time, the modern game spread to England and the rest of the world. The oldest playing golf course in the world is The Musselburgh Old Links Golf Course. Evidence has shown that golf was played here in 1672 although Mary, Queen of Scots reputedly played there in 1567. In 1646 King Charles I of England, whilst held captive by the Scots in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was reported to entertain himself by playing golf in Shieldfield.
As stated, golf courses have not always had eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea. As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews, in Fife, established a customary route through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the golf capital, all other courses chose to follow suit and the 18-hole course remains the standard today.
marathon
The name marathon comes from the legend of Pheidippides, a Greek messenger. The legend states that he was sent from the town of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon. It is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping and burst into the assembly, exclaiming "Νενικήκαμεν" (Nenikékamen, 'We have won.') before collapsing and dying The account of the run from Marathon to Athens first appears On the Glory of Athens in the 1st century AD who quotes from lost work, giving the runner's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles. Lucian of Samosata (2nd century AD) also gives the story but names the runner Philippides (not Pheidippides).
There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who ran from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then ran back, a distance of over 240 kilometres each way. In some Herodotus manuscripts the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides. Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens, and relates that the main part of the Athenian army, having already fought and won the grueling battle, and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended Athens, marched quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving the same day.
In 1876, Robert Browning wrote the poem "Pheidippides". Browning's poem, his composite story, became part of late-19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend Mount stands between Marathon and Athens, which means that, actually made his famous run after the battle, he had to run around the mountain, either from the north or from the south. The latter and most obvious route matches almost exactly the modern Marathon-Athens highway, which follows the lay of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and along the coast, then a gentle but protracted uphill westwards towards the eastern approach to Athens, between the foothills of Mounts Hymettus and and then mildly downhill to Athens proper.
This route is approximately 42 kilometers and set the standard for the distance as run in the modern age. However there have been suggestions that Pheidippides might have followed another route: a westward climb along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the pass of Dionysos, and then a straight southward downhill path to Athens. This route is considerably shorter, some 35 kilometers, but features a very steep initial climb of more than 5 kilometers.
There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who ran from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then ran back, a distance of over 240 kilometres each way. In some Herodotus manuscripts the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides. Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens, and relates that the main part of the Athenian army, having already fought and won the grueling battle, and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended Athens, marched quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving the same day.
In 1876, Robert Browning wrote the poem "Pheidippides". Browning's poem, his composite story, became part of late-19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend Mount stands between Marathon and Athens, which means that, actually made his famous run after the battle, he had to run around the mountain, either from the north or from the south. The latter and most obvious route matches almost exactly the modern Marathon-Athens highway, which follows the lay of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and along the coast, then a gentle but protracted uphill westwards towards the eastern approach to Athens, between the foothills of Mounts Hymettus and and then mildly downhill to Athens proper.
This route is approximately 42 kilometers and set the standard for the distance as run in the modern age. However there have been suggestions that Pheidippides might have followed another route: a westward climb along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the pass of Dionysos, and then a straight southward downhill path to Athens. This route is considerably shorter, some 35 kilometers, but features a very steep initial climb of more than 5 kilometers.
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games are an international event of summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes compete in a wide variety of events. The Games are currently held every two years, Winter Olympic Games alternating. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. In the late 19th century, Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired by Olympic festivals to revive the Games. For this purpose, he founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, and two years later, the modern Olympic Games were established in Athens. The IOC has since become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter.
The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th century forced the IOC to adapt the Games to the world's changing social circumstances. Some of these adjustments included the creation of the Winter Games for ice and snow sports, for athletes with physical disabilities, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC also had to accommodate the Games to the varying economical, political, and technological realities of the 20th century. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes.
The Olympic Movement currently comprises international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at each Olympic Games, is also determined by the IOC. The celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies.
There are over 13,000 athletes that compete at the Summer and Winter Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third place finishers in each event receive gold, silver or bronze Olympic medals, respectively.The Games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation is represented. Such growth has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases, international fame
The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th century forced the IOC to adapt the Games to the world's changing social circumstances. Some of these adjustments included the creation of the Winter Games for ice and snow sports, for athletes with physical disabilities, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC also had to accommodate the Games to the varying economical, political, and technological realities of the 20th century. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes.
The Olympic Movement currently comprises international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at each Olympic Games, is also determined by the IOC. The celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies.
There are over 13,000 athletes that compete at the Summer and Winter Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third place finishers in each event receive gold, silver or bronze Olympic medals, respectively.The Games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation is represented. Such growth has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases, international fame
ship
Henry VIII came to the throne on the 22nd of April 1509, the unchallenged successor to his father, Henry VII. The two men were quite different in temperament: the older Henry was a cool, cautious, pragmatic man who had restored peace and stability to a country wracked by the War of the Roses. His son, only 18 years old when he took control, was vigorous, bellicose, well-educated, and determined to restore England to her former medieval glory. Compared to Spain and the Empire on one hand, and France on the other, England had neither the manpower nor the revenue to engage in large scale warfare on the continent. Fortunately for England, the main area of rivalry between the Hapsburgs and the Valois was Italy, with Northern Europe generally relegated to a side-show. Despite this and despite the relatively small size of the Tudor military forces, an alliance with England was of use to both France and the Empire.
If England allied with the Hapsburgs against France, the whole of the northern coast of France was open to attack. This drew French forces away from other areas and could help support an attack into France from the Hapsburg Netherlands. Alliance with France on the other hand could cut the maritime link between Spain and the Netherlands and devastate the trading prosperity of the latter area. England was more inclined to ally with the Empire and Spain than with the French; France was England's historic enemy, the Kings of England had a claim to the French crown, and England still held Calais. The tendency to ally with the Hapsburgs was strengthened by Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1509, and by the fact that the Netherlands were the principal market for the important English cloth and wool trade.
The European situation on Henry VIII's accession to the throne in 1509 was, however, extremely unusual. The major European powers, France, the Empire, Spain and the Papacy, had formed the League of Cambrai with the aim of stripping Venice of her mainland possessions. With the continental powers absorbed in Italy, England was at peace with all her neighbours.
Upon his accession in 1509, Henry VIII inherited the nucleus of a useful navy from his father in the shape of five ships, including the large carracks, the Regent and the Sovereign. These ships could be augmented by hiring or buying merchant vessels, both domestic and foreign. Such vessels were turned into lightly armed warships by equipping them with archers and a few guns. Other ships were provided by the nobility.
If England allied with the Hapsburgs against France, the whole of the northern coast of France was open to attack. This drew French forces away from other areas and could help support an attack into France from the Hapsburg Netherlands. Alliance with France on the other hand could cut the maritime link between Spain and the Netherlands and devastate the trading prosperity of the latter area. England was more inclined to ally with the Empire and Spain than with the French; France was England's historic enemy, the Kings of England had a claim to the French crown, and England still held Calais. The tendency to ally with the Hapsburgs was strengthened by Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1509, and by the fact that the Netherlands were the principal market for the important English cloth and wool trade.
The European situation on Henry VIII's accession to the throne in 1509 was, however, extremely unusual. The major European powers, France, the Empire, Spain and the Papacy, had formed the League of Cambrai with the aim of stripping Venice of her mainland possessions. With the continental powers absorbed in Italy, England was at peace with all her neighbours.
Upon his accession in 1509, Henry VIII inherited the nucleus of a useful navy from his father in the shape of five ships, including the large carracks, the Regent and the Sovereign. These ships could be augmented by hiring or buying merchant vessels, both domestic and foreign. Such vessels were turned into lightly armed warships by equipping them with archers and a few guns. Other ships were provided by the nobility.
HOCKEY
The North American Hockey League was founded in 1975 when the Michigan Junior League and Wolverine Junior League formed the Great Lakes Junior Hockey League. In 1984 the name changed to the North American Junior Hockey League, and was later modified to the current North American Hockey League. The 2008-09 campaign marks the 33th season of NAHL competition. From modest beginnings - the league that had only three teams at a few points in its early history - the NAHL has blossomed.
Through the years, teams like the Paddock Pool Saints, Detroit Jr. Wings, Redford Royals, Detroit Compuware, Niagara Scenics, Kalamazoo Jr. Wings and Indianapolis Jr. Ice formed the backbone of a solid league that grew to legendary status in the annals of U.S. junior hockey. The NAHL has grown as hockey has grown, from that Detroit-based league in the upper Midwest to one which today spans west to Alaska, east to Ohio, and south to Texas. The League currently has 19 active members in four divisions and regularly receives inquiries about expanding elsewhere.
NAHL competition helps players make the transition from midget and high school hockey to college hockey by creating an environment that is highly competitive, encourages skill development and provides time for physical growth and maturity. Teams play against their own division and against other divisions to maximize exposure and enhance competition. Most games a scheduled on weekends to allow students to pursue their educations.
Each team plays a 58-game regular season schedule which runs from September to April, with exhibition games and league playoff games providing additional contests. The NAHL Showcase Tournament, Top Prospects Tournament and Robertson Cup Championship Tournament provide teams a chance to measure themselves in front of numerous collegiate and professional scouts and coaches from across North America to ensure top visibility for all NAHL players.
Through the years, teams like the Paddock Pool Saints, Detroit Jr. Wings, Redford Royals, Detroit Compuware, Niagara Scenics, Kalamazoo Jr. Wings and Indianapolis Jr. Ice formed the backbone of a solid league that grew to legendary status in the annals of U.S. junior hockey. The NAHL has grown as hockey has grown, from that Detroit-based league in the upper Midwest to one which today spans west to Alaska, east to Ohio, and south to Texas. The League currently has 19 active members in four divisions and regularly receives inquiries about expanding elsewhere.
NAHL competition helps players make the transition from midget and high school hockey to college hockey by creating an environment that is highly competitive, encourages skill development and provides time for physical growth and maturity. Teams play against their own division and against other divisions to maximize exposure and enhance competition. Most games a scheduled on weekends to allow students to pursue their educations.
Each team plays a 58-game regular season schedule which runs from September to April, with exhibition games and league playoff games providing additional contests. The NAHL Showcase Tournament, Top Prospects Tournament and Robertson Cup Championship Tournament provide teams a chance to measure themselves in front of numerous collegiate and professional scouts and coaches from across North America to ensure top visibility for all NAHL players.
BASKET BALL
Basketball, a game that started with 18 men in a YMCA gymnasium in Springfield, Mass., has grown into a game that more than 300 million people play worldwide. The man who created this instantly successful sport was Dr. James Naismith Under orders from Dr. Luther Gulick, head of Physical Education at the School for Christian Workers. Naismith had 14 days to create an indoor game that would provide an "athletic distraction" for a rowdy class through the brutal New England winter. Naismith's invention didn't come easily. Getting close to the deadline, he struggled to keep the class' faith. His first intention was to bring outdoor games indoors, i.e., soccer and lacrosse.
These games proved too physical and cumbersome. At his wits' end, Naismith recalled a childhood game that required players to use finesse and accuracy to become successful. After brainstorming this new idea, Naismith developed basketball's original 13 rules and consequently, the game of basketball. As basketball's popularity grew, Naismith neither sought publicity nor engaged in self-promotion.
He was first and foremost a physical educator who embraced recreational sport but shied away from the glory of competitive athletics. Naismith was an intense student, collecting four degrees in the diverse fields of Philosophy, Religion, Physical Education and Medicine. Although he never had the opportunity to see the game become the astonishing spectacle it is today, Naismith's biggest thrill came when he was sponsored by the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.
Naismith became famous for creating the game of basketball, a stroke of genius that never brought him fame or fortune during his lifetime, but enormous recognition following his passing in 1939. For his historic invention, Naismith's name adorns the world's only Basketball Hall of Fame, a tribute that forever makes James Naismith synonymous with basketball.
These games proved too physical and cumbersome. At his wits' end, Naismith recalled a childhood game that required players to use finesse and accuracy to become successful. After brainstorming this new idea, Naismith developed basketball's original 13 rules and consequently, the game of basketball. As basketball's popularity grew, Naismith neither sought publicity nor engaged in self-promotion.
He was first and foremost a physical educator who embraced recreational sport but shied away from the glory of competitive athletics. Naismith was an intense student, collecting four degrees in the diverse fields of Philosophy, Religion, Physical Education and Medicine. Although he never had the opportunity to see the game become the astonishing spectacle it is today, Naismith's biggest thrill came when he was sponsored by the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.
Naismith became famous for creating the game of basketball, a stroke of genius that never brought him fame or fortune during his lifetime, but enormous recognition following his passing in 1939. For his historic invention, Naismith's name adorns the world's only Basketball Hall of Fame, a tribute that forever makes James Naismith synonymous with basketball.
Saraswati,
Saraswati, a majestic river, after originating in Himalaya flowed through present day Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat prior to joining the Arabian Sea. Ancient Vedic culture flourished on its banks. Important towns like Kurukshetra, Pehowa, Shatrana, Sirsa, Kalibangan, Pilibangan, Suratgarh, Beriwal etc flourished on its banks.
Our former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was very excited on seeing a photograph of the River with water and he endorsed his reaction in our visitors' book as – 'Delighted to see the hard work in realizing reality from epic information'- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Recently, subsurface water started oozing out within a pond of the famous Kapil Muni Ashram in Kalayat (Haryana).
A multi-disciplinary scientific team studied the oozing water and the sand that accompanied it. Dr. A R Chaudhri of Kurukshetra University found a suite of angular heavy minerals having their source in higher Himalayan rocks. Dr. A K Gupta & Dr B K Bhadra of ISRO identified fossil valleys of Vedic Saraswati in the area from the study of space imageries and concluded that this water was of aforesaid river. Sh Rajesh Purohit conducted geomorphologic studies and concluded that this water belonged to Vedic Saraswati that has been described in Rigveda and other scriptures. Later on, he along with his team discovered the actual river bed near Jyotisar (Kurukshetra).
During the course of scientific studies carried out from space imageries, scientists from ISRO discovered a number of fossil valleys restricted to areas around Kurukshetra, Pehowa etc. in upper central Haryana. They interpreted it as remnants of the meandering Vedic Saraswati. Based on satellite imagery, they have drawn out a map of Saraswati River from Glacier to Rann of Kachch.
Our former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was very excited on seeing a photograph of the River with water and he endorsed his reaction in our visitors' book as – 'Delighted to see the hard work in realizing reality from epic information'- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Recently, subsurface water started oozing out within a pond of the famous Kapil Muni Ashram in Kalayat (Haryana).
A multi-disciplinary scientific team studied the oozing water and the sand that accompanied it. Dr. A R Chaudhri of Kurukshetra University found a suite of angular heavy minerals having their source in higher Himalayan rocks. Dr. A K Gupta & Dr B K Bhadra of ISRO identified fossil valleys of Vedic Saraswati in the area from the study of space imageries and concluded that this water was of aforesaid river. Sh Rajesh Purohit conducted geomorphologic studies and concluded that this water belonged to Vedic Saraswati that has been described in Rigveda and other scriptures. Later on, he along with his team discovered the actual river bed near Jyotisar (Kurukshetra).
During the course of scientific studies carried out from space imageries, scientists from ISRO discovered a number of fossil valleys restricted to areas around Kurukshetra, Pehowa etc. in upper central Haryana. They interpreted it as remnants of the meandering Vedic Saraswati. Based on satellite imagery, they have drawn out a map of Saraswati River from Glacier to Rann of Kachch.
GANGA
River Ganga is now a ‘national’ river. The Prime minister of India announced this on November 4, 2008 after a meeting, with the ministers for water resources, environment and forests and urban development, to discuss how to bring the river back to life. Though a very important step, it is too early to predict what this ‘national status’ would actually mean to India’s most revered river and its people.
What gives us hope is the fact that government has accepted that all is not well with the Ganga Action Plan (GAP)—a dedicated programme launched in 1985 to restore the river back to bathing water quality. This certainly is winning half the battle. Press communiqué from the Prime Ministers Office (PMO) reads:“there is a need to replace the current piecemeal efforts taken up in a fragmented manner in select cities with an integrated approach that sees the river as an ecological entity and addresses issues of quantity in terms of water flows along with issues of quality.” Under GAP so far Rs 1,400 crore have been spent in creating sewage conveyance and treatment facilities, crematoria etc on the Ganga and its tributaries. But the fact is that the river still remains polluted and GAP is still chasing the target—with over 45 per cent sewage generated in the basin undergoes no treatment. As a result the pollution levels have only increased—the coliform levels (count of pathogenic micro-organisms) in the river at all places (except Rishikesh upstream) make the river unfit human interaction forget consumption. Challenges are many:
We must understand that the constant meddling with the river hydrology have made things worse. Today, flows have reduced and the rivers crave for water. From hydel projects to drinking water schemes our planners have started mindlessly mining the precious waters of the river Ganga. All this is done without any assessment of the impacts on the river, its flow, its ecosystem and the livelihood of the people who are dependant on it. Bad planning based on bad data made things worse. The 10,000 megawatt capacity hydel projects in Uttaranchal, in different stages of construction, in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi (after confluence they become the Ganga) is just a case in point.
What gives us hope is the fact that government has accepted that all is not well with the Ganga Action Plan (GAP)—a dedicated programme launched in 1985 to restore the river back to bathing water quality. This certainly is winning half the battle. Press communiqué from the Prime Ministers Office (PMO) reads:“there is a need to replace the current piecemeal efforts taken up in a fragmented manner in select cities with an integrated approach that sees the river as an ecological entity and addresses issues of quantity in terms of water flows along with issues of quality.” Under GAP so far Rs 1,400 crore have been spent in creating sewage conveyance and treatment facilities, crematoria etc on the Ganga and its tributaries. But the fact is that the river still remains polluted and GAP is still chasing the target—with over 45 per cent sewage generated in the basin undergoes no treatment. As a result the pollution levels have only increased—the coliform levels (count of pathogenic micro-organisms) in the river at all places (except Rishikesh upstream) make the river unfit human interaction forget consumption. Challenges are many:
We must understand that the constant meddling with the river hydrology have made things worse. Today, flows have reduced and the rivers crave for water. From hydel projects to drinking water schemes our planners have started mindlessly mining the precious waters of the river Ganga. All this is done without any assessment of the impacts on the river, its flow, its ecosystem and the livelihood of the people who are dependant on it. Bad planning based on bad data made things worse. The 10,000 megawatt capacity hydel projects in Uttaranchal, in different stages of construction, in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi (after confluence they become the Ganga) is just a case in point.
MAHABHARATA
The Mahabharata as an encyclopaedia of early Indian culture and history may be expected to shed light on the Sindhu-Sarasvati (SS), or Indus, Tradition. For example, the Mahabharata and the Puranas call Visnu and Siva by the name Ekasrnga, the “one-horned one,” or the unicorn, which is one of the most striking images from the mature phase of the SS Tradition. The Santi-Parva (chapter 343) of the Mahabharata speaks of the one-tusked boar (Varaha) who saves the earth as Visnu’s incarnation. Here Varaha is described as being triple-humped, a figure that we see in the Harappan iconography. There is other continuity of motif and style between the SS Tradition and the classical Indian culture.
Geologists tell us that the river Sutudri braided into several channels after its course changed from being a tributary of the Sarasvati to that of the Sindhu. The Epic remembers this in the legend that sage Vasistha wanted to kill himself by jumping into the Haimavati, but the river saved him by breaking up into a hundred shallow channels, hence its ancient name Satadru (Caitraratha Parva, chapter 179). This is example of an event in the Epic that occurred in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BC.
The change in the focus of the civilization from the Sarasvati river to the Ganga is not only implicit in the Puranic story of the descent of Ganga but also in the statement in the Mahabharata (Vana Parva, chapter 85) that in the Treta Puskara was the holiest tirtha, in Dvapara it was Kurukshetra, and in the Kaliyuga it is Prayaga. The Mahabharata telescopes early genealogical history. The Puranic king-lists provide useful clues to the sequence of events. Some of the main events are: Generation 45, Bhagiratha, Ganga changes course; Generation 65, Rama Dasarathi, Dvapara begins; Generation 94, Mahabharata War. Given that the Mahabharata War took place several centuries before the Buddha, it is clear that even if we allocate only 20 years to each generation, the Puranic king-lists reach back into the early phases of the SS Tradition.
The astronomical references in the Vedic texts reach back to the 4th and 5th millennia BC.1 The Mahabharata, in turn, describes events that belong to the earliest layers of the Vedic lore. For example, there is much material in the Adi Parva on Yayati, one of the first kings in the Puranic lists. There is also description of the westward emigration of Aryan tribes through the device of Yayati expelling his sons. Such emigration stories are part of the Rgvedic narrative.2 The Greek historians inform us that the Indians during the time of the Mauryas remembered more than 150 generations of kings spanning over 6,000 years.
Geologists tell us that the river Sutudri braided into several channels after its course changed from being a tributary of the Sarasvati to that of the Sindhu. The Epic remembers this in the legend that sage Vasistha wanted to kill himself by jumping into the Haimavati, but the river saved him by breaking up into a hundred shallow channels, hence its ancient name Satadru (Caitraratha Parva, chapter 179). This is example of an event in the Epic that occurred in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BC.
The change in the focus of the civilization from the Sarasvati river to the Ganga is not only implicit in the Puranic story of the descent of Ganga but also in the statement in the Mahabharata (Vana Parva, chapter 85) that in the Treta Puskara was the holiest tirtha, in Dvapara it was Kurukshetra, and in the Kaliyuga it is Prayaga. The Mahabharata telescopes early genealogical history. The Puranic king-lists provide useful clues to the sequence of events. Some of the main events are: Generation 45, Bhagiratha, Ganga changes course; Generation 65, Rama Dasarathi, Dvapara begins; Generation 94, Mahabharata War. Given that the Mahabharata War took place several centuries before the Buddha, it is clear that even if we allocate only 20 years to each generation, the Puranic king-lists reach back into the early phases of the SS Tradition.
The astronomical references in the Vedic texts reach back to the 4th and 5th millennia BC.1 The Mahabharata, in turn, describes events that belong to the earliest layers of the Vedic lore. For example, there is much material in the Adi Parva on Yayati, one of the first kings in the Puranic lists. There is also description of the westward emigration of Aryan tribes through the device of Yayati expelling his sons. Such emigration stories are part of the Rgvedic narrative.2 The Greek historians inform us that the Indians during the time of the Mauryas remembered more than 150 generations of kings spanning over 6,000 years.
KOVALAM
The beaches of Kovalam have emerged as one of the popular tourist destinations of the country. The environmental quality of this fragile natural area, although ad-hoc in nature, have started degrading in recent years due to unprecedented growth in tourism. The sustenance of tourism development in this area will depend on careful planning and management without hampering environmental and socio-cultural and elements.
The Government of Kerala have promulgated an ordinance for the conservation and preservation of tourist areas in the state and notified in extra ordinary gazette dated Jan-11-2005. The following guidelines are prepared for conservation and preservation of the Special Tourism Zone. It will be mandatory that all developmental activities in the Special Tourism Zone will be regulated according to these guidelines.
To control and guide all developmental activities in the notified area of the Special Tourism Zone. ii. To tailor tourism development to conform to the unique characteristics iv. To draw specific norms for each zone to ensure that a fine balance of economic, social and environmental preservation is achieved.
.
The potential tourism regions around Kovalam comprising parts of Trivandrum City Corporation and Grama Panchayaths of Vizhinjam, Thiruvallam, Venganoor and Kottukal and Poovar are delineated as Special Tourism Zone, Kovalam. Certain surrounding facilitating nodes like Venganoor, Thiruvallam, Pachaloor, Vellar, Pulinkudi and Mukkola, are considered. The area encompasses a 13 Km coastal stretch from Edayar island to Poovar.
The Government of Kerala have promulgated an ordinance for the conservation and preservation of tourist areas in the state and notified in extra ordinary gazette dated Jan-11-2005. The following guidelines are prepared for conservation and preservation of the Special Tourism Zone. It will be mandatory that all developmental activities in the Special Tourism Zone will be regulated according to these guidelines.
To control and guide all developmental activities in the notified area of the Special Tourism Zone. ii. To tailor tourism development to conform to the unique characteristics iv. To draw specific norms for each zone to ensure that a fine balance of economic, social and environmental preservation is achieved.
.
The potential tourism regions around Kovalam comprising parts of Trivandrum City Corporation and Grama Panchayaths of Vizhinjam, Thiruvallam, Venganoor and Kottukal and Poovar are delineated as Special Tourism Zone, Kovalam. Certain surrounding facilitating nodes like Venganoor, Thiruvallam, Pachaloor, Vellar, Pulinkudi and Mukkola, are considered. The area encompasses a 13 Km coastal stretch from Edayar island to Poovar.
CAUVERY
Cauvery originates in the Brahmagiri hills at a place called Talakaveri which is elevation of 1340 m above sea level. At a height of 1500 m at Mudigere, in Western Ghats one of
the main tributaries of the river Hemavathi originates. The regional slope runs in the eastward direction.
The upper reach of the basin is covered with hill ranges of the Western Ghats and the sub basins area is broad and open with gently undulating country. In the north-west and south, there are a number of hill ranges which have steep slopes.
Some parts of the upper catchment area in the district of Hassan and Coorg are at an elevation of 1000 to 2000 m above mean sea level(msl), whereas going eastwards the average elevation of the rest of the Mysore Plateau is around 600 m to 1200 m above msl. The slope is towards east and the delta regions in the east in Tamil Nadu have an elevation of 300 to 600 m above msl. Further eastwards, land slopes very gently into the sea with average elevation < 300m above msl
Reduced flow in the river has left the stretch downstream struggling to assimilate the waste (lack of dilution). Today there is absolutely no authentic data on water use and waste generation by two powerful (financially and politically) water user groups—urban (in comparison to rural) and industry (in comparison to agriculture). Therefore our planners still struggle to cope up with urban sewage and industrial waste. Need a progressive mechanism to sensitivise and incentivise or dis-incentivise cities and its people as well as industries to optimize its water usage and generate less of pollution. These challenges have made re-engineering of our approach towards the river inevitable. The call for rethink by the PM should give us hope.
the main tributaries of the river Hemavathi originates. The regional slope runs in the eastward direction.
The upper reach of the basin is covered with hill ranges of the Western Ghats and the sub basins area is broad and open with gently undulating country. In the north-west and south, there are a number of hill ranges which have steep slopes.
Some parts of the upper catchment area in the district of Hassan and Coorg are at an elevation of 1000 to 2000 m above mean sea level(msl), whereas going eastwards the average elevation of the rest of the Mysore Plateau is around 600 m to 1200 m above msl. The slope is towards east and the delta regions in the east in Tamil Nadu have an elevation of 300 to 600 m above msl. Further eastwards, land slopes very gently into the sea with average elevation < 300m above msl
Reduced flow in the river has left the stretch downstream struggling to assimilate the waste (lack of dilution). Today there is absolutely no authentic data on water use and waste generation by two powerful (financially and politically) water user groups—urban (in comparison to rural) and industry (in comparison to agriculture). Therefore our planners still struggle to cope up with urban sewage and industrial waste. Need a progressive mechanism to sensitivise and incentivise or dis-incentivise cities and its people as well as industries to optimize its water usage and generate less of pollution. These challenges have made re-engineering of our approach towards the river inevitable. The call for rethink by the PM should give us hope.
Guava
The guava is called the apple of the tropics. It is native to tropical America, but has been dispersed throughout all equatorial regions. It Is grown in subtropical Florida and California, and the tree is a hearty one.
The guava tree produces large quantities of fruit. The fruit is round, with a white or yellow skin and a pulp of the same color, although the pulp is sometimes crimson. It ranges from the size of a large cherry to that of a pear or apple.
The guava is subacid and alkaline in reaction. It has a high vitamin C content, and also contains potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine. It is good for the skeletal and lymphatic systems.
Emperor grapes are a Thanksgiving and Christmas favorite. The clusters are large, long, and well-filled. The fruit is uniform, large, elongated obovoid, light red to reddish-purple, seeded, and neutral in flavor, and the skin is tough. They are on the market in October and well into March.
The guava tree produces large quantities of fruit. The fruit is round, with a white or yellow skin and a pulp of the same color, although the pulp is sometimes crimson. It ranges from the size of a large cherry to that of a pear or apple.
The guava is subacid and alkaline in reaction. It has a high vitamin C content, and also contains potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine. It is good for the skeletal and lymphatic systems.
Emperor grapes are a Thanksgiving and Christmas favorite. The clusters are large, long, and well-filled. The fruit is uniform, large, elongated obovoid, light red to reddish-purple, seeded, and neutral in flavor, and the skin is tough. They are on the market in October and well into March.
Grape
The grape is one of the oldest fruits in history. Grape seeds have been found in mummy cases in Egyptian tombs that are more than 3,000 years old. At the time of Homer, the Greeks were using wines, and the Bible tells of grape cultivation in the time of Noah. North America was known to the Norse sea rovers as "Vinland" because the grapevines were so abunuant.
The Mission Fathers of California were the first to grow the European type of grape. This variety became known as the Mission grape and remained the choice variety until 1860 when other choice European varieties were introduced into this country.Between 6,000 and 8,000 varieties of grapes have been named and described, but only 40 to 50 varieties are important commercially. Table grapes must be attractive in appearance and sweet and firm. Large size, brilliant color, and beautifully formed bunches are the qualities desired.
There are four classes of grapes: wine grapes, table grapes, raisin grapes, and sweet (unfermented) juice grapes. The big grape producing states, in addition to California, are New York, Michigan, and Washington.Domestic grapes are available from late July through March, and the peak is from August to November. Grapes are also imported from February through May from Argentina, Chile, and South Africa.
Thompson Seedless were first grown in California near Yuba City by Mr. William Thompson and are now very popular. The clusters are large, long. and well-filled; the fruit uniform, mediumsized, and ellipsoidal. The color is greenish-white to light golden. They are seedless, firm, and tender, and are very sweet when fully ripened. They are moderately tender-skinned. Thompson Seedless grapes are on the market from late June into November.
The Mission Fathers of California were the first to grow the European type of grape. This variety became known as the Mission grape and remained the choice variety until 1860 when other choice European varieties were introduced into this country.Between 6,000 and 8,000 varieties of grapes have been named and described, but only 40 to 50 varieties are important commercially. Table grapes must be attractive in appearance and sweet and firm. Large size, brilliant color, and beautifully formed bunches are the qualities desired.
There are four classes of grapes: wine grapes, table grapes, raisin grapes, and sweet (unfermented) juice grapes. The big grape producing states, in addition to California, are New York, Michigan, and Washington.Domestic grapes are available from late July through March, and the peak is from August to November. Grapes are also imported from February through May from Argentina, Chile, and South Africa.
Thompson Seedless were first grown in California near Yuba City by Mr. William Thompson and are now very popular. The clusters are large, long. and well-filled; the fruit uniform, mediumsized, and ellipsoidal. The color is greenish-white to light golden. They are seedless, firm, and tender, and are very sweet when fully ripened. They are moderately tender-skinned. Thompson Seedless grapes are on the market from late June into November.
Coconut
The coconut probably had its beginning in the Malay Archipelago and the tropical areas of the Americas. For over 3,000 years the coconut has been cultivated in Southern Asia and the East Indian islands. Now, the coconut palm may be found all along the tropical coasts, and its fruit is used as the principal food on many of the Pacific islands. It has been estimated that over 300,000 people use coconuts in some form every day, and the old saying: "He who plants a coconut tree plants vessels and clothing, food and drink, a habitation for himself and a heritage for his children," still holds true in many of the places where coconuts are grown today. The coconut tree reaches its maturity at seven years and produces its fruit for as many as seventy or eighty years.
The coconuts sold in our markets today are imported mostly from Honduras, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. There is some production on the Florida coast, but most of the nuts produced there are sold on the local market to winter tourists. One coconut is imported for each eleven persons in the United States, so you can see that it is one of the minor items in the produce business.
Coconuts may be found on the market all year, but October, November, and December are the peak months. A quality nut is one that is heavy for its size. When shaken, the liquid inside will slosh around. Do not choose a coconut without liquid, as this indicates spoilage, and nuts with moldy or wet "eyes" are unsound.
To crack a coconut, pierce the soft spots, or "eyes," at the top of the shell with an ice pick or other sharp object. Drain the liquid, then tap all around the hard shell with a hammer until the shell cracks and falls away. Or, after draining off the liquid, heat the coconut in the oven at 350° F for thirty minutes, and the shell will easily break away.
The coconuts sold in our markets today are imported mostly from Honduras, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. There is some production on the Florida coast, but most of the nuts produced there are sold on the local market to winter tourists. One coconut is imported for each eleven persons in the United States, so you can see that it is one of the minor items in the produce business.
Coconuts may be found on the market all year, but October, November, and December are the peak months. A quality nut is one that is heavy for its size. When shaken, the liquid inside will slosh around. Do not choose a coconut without liquid, as this indicates spoilage, and nuts with moldy or wet "eyes" are unsound.
To crack a coconut, pierce the soft spots, or "eyes," at the top of the shell with an ice pick or other sharp object. Drain the liquid, then tap all around the hard shell with a hammer until the shell cracks and falls away. Or, after draining off the liquid, heat the coconut in the oven at 350° F for thirty minutes, and the shell will easily break away.
Cherry
Garden cherries originated chiefly from two species, the sour cherry and the sweet cherry. Both are native to Eastern Europe and Western Asia, where they have been cultivated since ancient times. Cherry pits have been found in prehistoric cave dwellings.
Cherries are grown in every state. Leading cherry producers are Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Washington, Oregon, and California. Washington, Oregon, and California lead in sweet cherry production, while Michigan leads in the production of sour cherries.
The Tartarian variety, which is mahogany to black in color, and medium to large in size, is a popular early-to-mid-season variety of sweet cherry. The cherry in heaviest demand for the fresh market is the Bing: an extra large, heart-shaped, deep maroon to black fruit. It is firm, high-flavored, and stands up well. Bings are on the market through the months of June and July. The Black Republican and Lambert are similar in appearance to the Bing. The Royal Ann is the leading light-colored cherry, and is used primarily for canning.
It is large, is light amber to yellow with a red blush, and has a delightful flavor. The Schmidt is a dark red to black sweet cherry grown widely. The Windsor is another popular sweet cherry, and its color is dark red to almost black.The leading sour varieties of the cherry are the Early Richmond of the East and Middle West, the Montmorenci, and the English Morello.
Cherries are grown in every state. Leading cherry producers are Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Washington, Oregon, and California. Washington, Oregon, and California lead in sweet cherry production, while Michigan leads in the production of sour cherries.
The Tartarian variety, which is mahogany to black in color, and medium to large in size, is a popular early-to-mid-season variety of sweet cherry. The cherry in heaviest demand for the fresh market is the Bing: an extra large, heart-shaped, deep maroon to black fruit. It is firm, high-flavored, and stands up well. Bings are on the market through the months of June and July. The Black Republican and Lambert are similar in appearance to the Bing. The Royal Ann is the leading light-colored cherry, and is used primarily for canning.
It is large, is light amber to yellow with a red blush, and has a delightful flavor. The Schmidt is a dark red to black sweet cherry grown widely. The Windsor is another popular sweet cherry, and its color is dark red to almost black.The leading sour varieties of the cherry are the Early Richmond of the East and Middle West, the Montmorenci, and the English Morello.
Blackberry
Black berries are native to both North America and Europe, but cultivation of this fruit is largely limited to North America. In the early days of the United States, when land was cleared for pasture, blackberry bushes began to multiply. There are many hybrids of blackberries, and both man and nature have had a hand in this process. By 1850, cultivated blackberries had become very popular.
Blackberries are now cultivated in almost every part of the United States. Texas and Oregon probably have the largest numbers of acres planted with blackberries. Cultivation of this berry has been slow, because Wild berries grow in abundance all over the country. The summer months are the peak season for blackberries.
A quality berry is solid and plump, appears bright and fresh, and is a full black or blue color. Do not choose berries that are partly green or off-color. because the flavor will not be good.
Blackberries are high in iron, but can cause constipation. They have been used for years to control diarrhea. If blackberry juice is mixed with cherry or prune juice, the constipating effect will be taken away. If one can take blackberry juice without constipating results, it is one of the finest builders of the blood.
Blackberries are now cultivated in almost every part of the United States. Texas and Oregon probably have the largest numbers of acres planted with blackberries. Cultivation of this berry has been slow, because Wild berries grow in abundance all over the country. The summer months are the peak season for blackberries.
A quality berry is solid and plump, appears bright and fresh, and is a full black or blue color. Do not choose berries that are partly green or off-color. because the flavor will not be good.
Blackberries are high in iron, but can cause constipation. They have been used for years to control diarrhea. If blackberry juice is mixed with cherry or prune juice, the constipating effect will be taken away. If one can take blackberry juice without constipating results, it is one of the finest builders of the blood.
Apple
One of the first things a child learns is the alphabet, and almost always, "A is for apple." The apple has been around for so long that it can be called the first fruit. Hieroglyphic writings found in the pyramids and tombs of the ancient Egyptians indicate that they used the apple as both a food and a medicine. It not only has been at the beginning of alphabet songs, but has been the center of legends, folklore, and eyen religion, for thousands of years, from Adam and Eve to Johnny Appleseed.
The people of the United States love apples. The state of Washington produces 32,000,000 boxes of apples a ear. Washington's orchards supposedly began from a single tree that was planted in 1827 from a seed given to Captain Simpson of the Hudson Bay Company by a young woman from London. That tree is still standing!
Years ago, apples were used to relieve gout, bilious constitutions, skin eruptions, and nerves. They are so popular around the world that they have all kinds of superstitions and traditions attached to them. The peasants of Westphalia used apples mixed with saffron as a cure for jaundice. There is also a legend in Devonshire, England, that an apple rubbed on a wart will cure it. On Easter morning, peasants in a province of Prussia ate an apple to insure against fever. The Turks gave the apple the power of restoring youth.
There are so many varieties of apples that almost anyone can find an apple to suit his palate. Since there are summer, winter, and fall varieties, apples can be had fresh all year around.When you cook apples, be sure to do so over a very low flame. It is best to cook them in a stainless steel utensil, so that the delicate pectin, vitamins, and minerals will be preserved as much as possible. Apples, of course, are best raw and are good in various kinds of salads.
The people of the United States love apples. The state of Washington produces 32,000,000 boxes of apples a ear. Washington's orchards supposedly began from a single tree that was planted in 1827 from a seed given to Captain Simpson of the Hudson Bay Company by a young woman from London. That tree is still standing!
Years ago, apples were used to relieve gout, bilious constitutions, skin eruptions, and nerves. They are so popular around the world that they have all kinds of superstitions and traditions attached to them. The peasants of Westphalia used apples mixed with saffron as a cure for jaundice. There is also a legend in Devonshire, England, that an apple rubbed on a wart will cure it. On Easter morning, peasants in a province of Prussia ate an apple to insure against fever. The Turks gave the apple the power of restoring youth.
There are so many varieties of apples that almost anyone can find an apple to suit his palate. Since there are summer, winter, and fall varieties, apples can be had fresh all year around.When you cook apples, be sure to do so over a very low flame. It is best to cook them in a stainless steel utensil, so that the delicate pectin, vitamins, and minerals will be preserved as much as possible. Apples, of course, are best raw and are good in various kinds of salads.
Avocado
There are over 400 varieties of avocado. Some have smooth skin and are green, and some are rough and black. The avocado is considered a neutral fruit,because it blends well with almost any flavor and mixes well with either vegetables or fruit.
The avocado came from Persia. It has been popular in South America, Central America, and Mexico for centuries. The ancient Aztecs left evidence that the avocado was in their, as did the Mayans and Incas. It is known that the avocado was eaten by Jamaicans in the seventeenth century. This fruit grows wild in tropical America today, but is primarily grown as a crop in southern California.
Avocado at its peak contains a high amount of fruit oil. Fruit oil is a rare element, and it gives avocado its smooth, mellow taste and nut-like flavor. Fruit oil also gives the avocado its high food energy value. Unlike most fruit, it contains very few carbohydrates.
The avocado contains fourteen minerals, all of which regulate body functions and stimulate growth. Especially noteworthy are its iron and copper contents, which aid in red blood regeneration and the prevention of nutritional anemia. It also contains sodium and potassium, which give this fruit a high alkaline reaction.
The avocado came from Persia. It has been popular in South America, Central America, and Mexico for centuries. The ancient Aztecs left evidence that the avocado was in their, as did the Mayans and Incas. It is known that the avocado was eaten by Jamaicans in the seventeenth century. This fruit grows wild in tropical America today, but is primarily grown as a crop in southern California.
Avocado at its peak contains a high amount of fruit oil. Fruit oil is a rare element, and it gives avocado its smooth, mellow taste and nut-like flavor. Fruit oil also gives the avocado its high food energy value. Unlike most fruit, it contains very few carbohydrates.
The avocado contains fourteen minerals, all of which regulate body functions and stimulate growth. Especially noteworthy are its iron and copper contents, which aid in red blood regeneration and the prevention of nutritional anemia. It also contains sodium and potassium, which give this fruit a high alkaline reaction.
Banana
Bananas were cultivated in India 4,000 years ago. In 1482, the Portuguese found the banana on the Guinea coast and carried it with them to the Canary Islands. Spanish priests are credited with having introduced thisfruit. to tropical America when they arrived as missionaries in the sixteenth century. Now, the banana can be found in all tropical countries.
The first known species of banana is the plaintain, or banana. The plaintain has a salmon-colored pulp, a cheesy, gummy texture, and a slightly acid taste. This fruit has been a substitute potatoes in many countries, and is slowly being introduced to the United States.Bananas are usually harvested green, shipped green, and ripened by wholesale fruit jobbers in air-conditioned ripening rooms. The Gros Michel variety is the most popular of the many varieties. It produces the largest and most compact bunch, which makes it easier to ship. The thick skin of the banana protects the soft fruit.
Other popular varieties of banana are the Claret, or red banana, which has a gummy flesh; the Lady Finger, which is the smallest variety, but has a delicate, sweet flavor; and the Apple, which has an acid flavor and tastes somewhat like a mellow apple.In the tropics, bananas are often cooked and served with beans, rice, or tortillas. In the Latin American countries, the ripe banana is sometimes dried in the sun in much the same manner as figs and raisins. They are often sliced when ripe and left in the sun until they are covered with a coating of white, sugary powder that arises from their own juices.
The banana has no particular growing season. A ripe banana is firm, with a plump texture, strong peel, and no trace of green on the skin. A skin that is flecked with brown means the fruit is good. Fully ripe bananas are composed of 76 percent water, 20 percent sugar, and 12 percent starch.
The first known species of banana is the plaintain, or banana. The plaintain has a salmon-colored pulp, a cheesy, gummy texture, and a slightly acid taste. This fruit has been a substitute potatoes in many countries, and is slowly being introduced to the United States.Bananas are usually harvested green, shipped green, and ripened by wholesale fruit jobbers in air-conditioned ripening rooms. The Gros Michel variety is the most popular of the many varieties. It produces the largest and most compact bunch, which makes it easier to ship. The thick skin of the banana protects the soft fruit.
Other popular varieties of banana are the Claret, or red banana, which has a gummy flesh; the Lady Finger, which is the smallest variety, but has a delicate, sweet flavor; and the Apple, which has an acid flavor and tastes somewhat like a mellow apple.In the tropics, bananas are often cooked and served with beans, rice, or tortillas. In the Latin American countries, the ripe banana is sometimes dried in the sun in much the same manner as figs and raisins. They are often sliced when ripe and left in the sun until they are covered with a coating of white, sugary powder that arises from their own juices.
The banana has no particular growing season. A ripe banana is firm, with a plump texture, strong peel, and no trace of green on the skin. A skin that is flecked with brown means the fruit is good. Fully ripe bananas are composed of 76 percent water, 20 percent sugar, and 12 percent starch.
Strawberry
The strawberry is native to North and South America. An early Chilean variety was taken to Peru in 1557 and this same variety is still growing in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, and other South American countries. The modern strawberry was developed in Europe.Most strawberry varieties that grow commercially today have originated within the last fifty-five years. Territories for their growth have expanded to almost every state in the Union, including the interior of Alaska.
How the name "strawberry" first came into use is often disputed. One researcher tells us that it was because straw was used between the rows to keep the berries clean and to protect the berries in the winter. Another explanation is that in Europe ripe berries were threaded on straws to be carried to market.
In 1945, about fifteen varieties constituted 94 percent of the total commercial market. The leading variety in the United States is the Blakemore, which originated in Maryland in 1923. Its firmness, earliness, and the fact that it holds its color when stored make it a leading market berry. The Klondike is grown extensively in Southern California and is one of the best shipping varieties. The Klonmore is native to Louisiana. Because it appears earlier, it is more resistant to disease and is fast replacing the Klondike in that state. Other popular varieties are the Howard 17 and the Marshall, which both originated in Massachusetts.
Strawberries are at their peak of abundance in April, May, and June; January, February, March, and July are moderate months.Quality strawberries are fresh, clean, and bright in appearance. They have a solid red color, and the caps are attached. Strawberries without caps may have been roughly handled or are overmature.
How the name "strawberry" first came into use is often disputed. One researcher tells us that it was because straw was used between the rows to keep the berries clean and to protect the berries in the winter. Another explanation is that in Europe ripe berries were threaded on straws to be carried to market.
In 1945, about fifteen varieties constituted 94 percent of the total commercial market. The leading variety in the United States is the Blakemore, which originated in Maryland in 1923. Its firmness, earliness, and the fact that it holds its color when stored make it a leading market berry. The Klondike is grown extensively in Southern California and is one of the best shipping varieties. The Klonmore is native to Louisiana. Because it appears earlier, it is more resistant to disease and is fast replacing the Klondike in that state. Other popular varieties are the Howard 17 and the Marshall, which both originated in Massachusetts.
Strawberries are at their peak of abundance in April, May, and June; January, February, March, and July are moderate months.Quality strawberries are fresh, clean, and bright in appearance. They have a solid red color, and the caps are attached. Strawberries without caps may have been roughly handled or are overmature.
RIVER YAMUNA
The river Yamuna, the largest tributary of river Ganga has been one of the most prominent and sacred rivers of India through the ages. Yamuna, according to the legends, was the daughter of Surya, the Sun God and sister to Yama, the God of Death. Consequently, popular belief is that those who take a dip in its holy water are not tormented by fears of death. Yamunotri, which is the north of Haridwar in the Himalayan Mountains, is the source of the Yamuna.
The river Yamuna, a major tributary of river Ganges, originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Banderpoonch peaks (38°59' N, 78°27' E) in the Mussourie range of the lower Himalayas at an elevation of about 6387 m above mean sea level in district Uttarkashi (Uttranchal). The catchment of Yamuna river system covers parts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and National Capital Territory (NCT) Delhi.
The entire Yamuna river right from its origin to confluence with the Ganga and its tributaries are subject to human activities, which directly or indirectly affect the water quality5. NCT — Delhi, located at a latitude of 28°34'N and longitude of 77°07'E, is facing the challenges of sanitation and environmental degradation due to increasing population and urbanization. Delhi alone contributes around 3 296 MLD/day of sewage by virtue of drains outfalling in Yamuna Delhi segment flow (22 km length).
This is more than that of all the class II cities of India put together. Despite the smallest percentage of catchment area in Yamuna, only 0.4% of total catchment area, Delhi is the largest contributor of pollution to the river2,9 kms long.
The river Yamuna, a major tributary of river Ganges, originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Banderpoonch peaks (38°59' N, 78°27' E) in the Mussourie range of the lower Himalayas at an elevation of about 6387 m above mean sea level in district Uttarkashi (Uttranchal). The catchment of Yamuna river system covers parts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and National Capital Territory (NCT) Delhi.
The entire Yamuna river right from its origin to confluence with the Ganga and its tributaries are subject to human activities, which directly or indirectly affect the water quality5. NCT — Delhi, located at a latitude of 28°34'N and longitude of 77°07'E, is facing the challenges of sanitation and environmental degradation due to increasing population and urbanization. Delhi alone contributes around 3 296 MLD/day of sewage by virtue of drains outfalling in Yamuna Delhi segment flow (22 km length).
This is more than that of all the class II cities of India put together. Despite the smallest percentage of catchment area in Yamuna, only 0.4% of total catchment area, Delhi is the largest contributor of pollution to the river2,9 kms long.
Plums
There are more than 140 varieties of plum sold in the United States. The plum is a drupe—a pitted fruit—related to the nectarine, peach, and apricot, but it is far more diverse than its relatives, coming in a wider range of shapes, sizes and especially skin colors. Its flavors also vary from extremely sweet to quite tart. Some plum varieties are specifically bred so that they can be dried and still retain their sweetness, and these are used for prunes. (The Wellness Encyclopedia of Food and Nutrition)
About twenty varieties dominate the commercial supply of plums and most are either Japanese or European varieties. Japanese are the nonprune plums or salicina plums. Originally from China, these plums were introduced into Japan more than 300 years ago. Most varieties have yellow or reddish flesh that is quite juicy and skin colors that range from crimson to black-red. They are also clingstone fruits—that is, their flesh clings to the pit. Santa Rosa and Red Beaut are two of the more popular varieties. Elephant heart is a large red-fleshed variety that is good for cooking. Plums are also used for their juice and often jam or a thick syrup is made out of it.
European-type plums are smaller, denser and less juicy than Japanese varieties; their skin color is always blue or purple and their pits are usually freestone, meaning they separate easily from the flesh. The flesh is a golden yellow color. These are the plums made into prunes; a few varieties are sold fresh and called fresh prunes or purple plums.
Among the better known varieties are Italian, President, Empress, Stanley, and Tragedy. Damson plums are a small-tart European-type variety used mainly for preserves.The domestic plum season extends from May through October, with Japanese types coming on the market first and peaking in August, followed by European varieties in the fall.
About twenty varieties dominate the commercial supply of plums and most are either Japanese or European varieties. Japanese are the nonprune plums or salicina plums. Originally from China, these plums were introduced into Japan more than 300 years ago. Most varieties have yellow or reddish flesh that is quite juicy and skin colors that range from crimson to black-red. They are also clingstone fruits—that is, their flesh clings to the pit. Santa Rosa and Red Beaut are two of the more popular varieties. Elephant heart is a large red-fleshed variety that is good for cooking. Plums are also used for their juice and often jam or a thick syrup is made out of it.
European-type plums are smaller, denser and less juicy than Japanese varieties; their skin color is always blue or purple and their pits are usually freestone, meaning they separate easily from the flesh. The flesh is a golden yellow color. These are the plums made into prunes; a few varieties are sold fresh and called fresh prunes or purple plums.
Among the better known varieties are Italian, President, Empress, Stanley, and Tragedy. Damson plums are a small-tart European-type variety used mainly for preserves.The domestic plum season extends from May through October, with Japanese types coming on the market first and peaking in August, followed by European varieties in the fall.
Tourism
The tourism sector in Tamil Nadu has great potential to create employment and thus contribute meaningfully to economic development. Tamil Nadu is known for various tourist attractions, allures a large number of tourists. The colossal temple towers, palm-fringed beaches, cool and salubrious hill destinations, man-made marvels etc. are the primary attractions of this state. Besides, the culture, handicrafts, eco-tourism, health tourism, village tourism, etc., make this state as a peaceful domain for the visitors to sojourn in Tamil Nadu. Attractive handlooms and handicrafts in various hues and colours speak about their own intricate workmanship. Health tourism has opened up new vistas as there are numerous high -end medical care facilities are available in the state, which are cost-effective.
Tamil Nadu is being promoted as an “enchanting” destination for holidaying in Southern India through massive publicity and marketing and provision of infrastructural facilities and basic amenities at potential tourist spots. Private sector participation is being encouraged in development of tourism. A three pronged approach is being adopted to promote tourism in the State: (i) major publicity campaigns, (ii) creation of infrastructure at tourist spots and (iii) offering attractive packages.
This represents a growth of 14 percent over last year. The gross profit for the year 2006-2007 is estimated as Rs.705.00 lakhs compared to the gross profit of Rs.589.70 lakhs achieved during the year 2005-2006.
Tourism has been declared as an Industry in Tami Nadu. Ten percent capital subsidies up to Rs.10 lakhs are given to tourism projects in TamilNadu with a capital investment not exceeding one crore rupees. Besides 15 percent of capital cost up to Rs.5 lakhs as subsidy for the purchase of Generators. To encourage private investment in tourism projects, the Department of Tourism co-ordinates with different departments for early clearance of the projects.
Tamil Nadu is being promoted as an “enchanting” destination for holidaying in Southern India through massive publicity and marketing and provision of infrastructural facilities and basic amenities at potential tourist spots. Private sector participation is being encouraged in development of tourism. A three pronged approach is being adopted to promote tourism in the State: (i) major publicity campaigns, (ii) creation of infrastructure at tourist spots and (iii) offering attractive packages.
This represents a growth of 14 percent over last year. The gross profit for the year 2006-2007 is estimated as Rs.705.00 lakhs compared to the gross profit of Rs.589.70 lakhs achieved during the year 2005-2006.
Tourism has been declared as an Industry in Tami Nadu. Ten percent capital subsidies up to Rs.10 lakhs are given to tourism projects in TamilNadu with a capital investment not exceeding one crore rupees. Besides 15 percent of capital cost up to Rs.5 lakhs as subsidy for the purchase of Generators. To encourage private investment in tourism projects, the Department of Tourism co-ordinates with different departments for early clearance of the projects.
Information Technology (IT) & Information Technology Enabled Services
Tamil Nadu continues to register remarkable progress in the Information Technology sector. The Software export from the State, which was Rs.20,700 Crores in 2006-2007 is expected to cross Rs.28,000 Crores in 2007-2008. Tamil Nadu is emerging as the preferred destination for IT Software and Hardware Companies. The number of IT-ITES SEZs in the State is an indication of this. So far, 37 IT-ITES SEZs spread over an extent of 1226.32 hectares have been given formal approval by the Government of India.
Out of this, 19 have been notified and have commenced operation.Apart from this, 1 Multi Service SEZ covering an extent of 121.41 hectares and 2 Multi Product SEZs covering an extent of 2192.44 hectares have also been given formal approval in Tamil Nadu. In addition, 6 Electronic Hardware, Software and Related Service SEZs covering an extent of 464.45 hectares have also got formal approval. Thus, Tamil Nadu is ideally placed to attract investments in the IT - ITES and Electronic Hardware manufacturing sector.
All the top IT companies of India have been expanding their activities in Tamil Nadu. Tata Consultancy Services is setting up a new 70 acre campus at Siruseri. This is nearing completion. Wipro has already commenced operations in their newly established 80 acre campus at Sholinganallur and is developing another 90 acre campus in Mahindra World City. HCL is expecting to complete its latest campus at Sholinganallur over an extent of 50 acres this year. Satyam Computer Services is also building its additional campus over an extent of 50 acres at Sholinganallur. Cognizant Technology Solutions has already commenced work on a new 25 acre SEZ at Siruseri and is expected to start work at Sholinganallur soon.
Many more IT Parks are being put up not only at Chennai but at Coimbatore, Madurai, Tirunelveli and other cities. Thus, the IT-ITES sector continues to show good growth in Tamil Nadu. Large international Hardware manufacturers like NOKIA, Foxcon,Flextronics and Motorola have already located their facilities in Tamil Nadu. Dell Computers, Samsung, ASPOCOMP, Spelmech Semi-conductors, Salcomp, Perlos, Jabil, Wintek and many more electronic.
Out of this, 19 have been notified and have commenced operation.Apart from this, 1 Multi Service SEZ covering an extent of 121.41 hectares and 2 Multi Product SEZs covering an extent of 2192.44 hectares have also been given formal approval in Tamil Nadu. In addition, 6 Electronic Hardware, Software and Related Service SEZs covering an extent of 464.45 hectares have also got formal approval. Thus, Tamil Nadu is ideally placed to attract investments in the IT - ITES and Electronic Hardware manufacturing sector.
All the top IT companies of India have been expanding their activities in Tamil Nadu. Tata Consultancy Services is setting up a new 70 acre campus at Siruseri. This is nearing completion. Wipro has already commenced operations in their newly established 80 acre campus at Sholinganallur and is developing another 90 acre campus in Mahindra World City. HCL is expecting to complete its latest campus at Sholinganallur over an extent of 50 acres this year. Satyam Computer Services is also building its additional campus over an extent of 50 acres at Sholinganallur. Cognizant Technology Solutions has already commenced work on a new 25 acre SEZ at Siruseri and is expected to start work at Sholinganallur soon.
Many more IT Parks are being put up not only at Chennai but at Coimbatore, Madurai, Tirunelveli and other cities. Thus, the IT-ITES sector continues to show good growth in Tamil Nadu. Large international Hardware manufacturers like NOKIA, Foxcon,Flextronics and Motorola have already located their facilities in Tamil Nadu. Dell Computers, Samsung, ASPOCOMP, Spelmech Semi-conductors, Salcomp, Perlos, Jabil, Wintek and many more electronic.
Textile Industry
The Textile Industry of TamilNadu has the distinction of being the forerunner to the industrial development of the State. The textile industry plays a significant role in the economy of the State and the export market of this industry is a source for earning foreign exchange. Various sectors of this industry, viz. Handloom, Powerloom, Spinning, Processing, Knitwear and Garment production serve as a major employment provider to the qualified as well as ordinary public.
The handloom sector of Tamilnadu is of heritage value and the history of excellent craftsmanship of handloom weaving in the State dates back by thousands of years. At present, there are 34.86 lakh handlooms in India, of which 4.13 lakh handlooms are located in the State providing employment to 6.08 lakh weavers. The average annual sales of handloom cloth by the State is around Rs.1,800 crore and this include the sales through export worth around Rs.875 crore.
The knitwear and woven garment sector is fast growing and the vital sector in the textile industry with an excellent export market. There are around 4000 knitwear and woven garment production units in the State providing employment to around 5 lakh persons
This legislation provides money to improve sewage treatment plants (STPs) and sets limits on the things that industries and STPs can discharge into the water. The Cuyahoga River fires also provided the motivation to create the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement; establish federal and state environmental protection agencies (Environmental Protection Agency, 2003); and pass the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which prohibits the discharge of oil into navigable rivers.
The handloom sector of Tamilnadu is of heritage value and the history of excellent craftsmanship of handloom weaving in the State dates back by thousands of years. At present, there are 34.86 lakh handlooms in India, of which 4.13 lakh handlooms are located in the State providing employment to 6.08 lakh weavers. The average annual sales of handloom cloth by the State is around Rs.1,800 crore and this include the sales through export worth around Rs.875 crore.
The knitwear and woven garment sector is fast growing and the vital sector in the textile industry with an excellent export market. There are around 4000 knitwear and woven garment production units in the State providing employment to around 5 lakh persons
This legislation provides money to improve sewage treatment plants (STPs) and sets limits on the things that industries and STPs can discharge into the water. The Cuyahoga River fires also provided the motivation to create the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement; establish federal and state environmental protection agencies (Environmental Protection Agency, 2003); and pass the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which prohibits the discharge of oil into navigable rivers.
Health
Tamil Nadu had long remained the preferred destination of health care in India. The state boasts of some world-class hospitals and specialty clinics offering super specialty health care services. Chennai is emerging as the biggest medical hub in Southeast Asia.
The state has a sweeping range of healthcare system by government and private. Its unique system of buying drugs through an exclusive agency TN Medical Services Corporation and distributing those to general hospitals has placed Tamil Nadu on the top list of public health care in India.
Big names include the Apollo and Vijaya hospitals, the Sankara Nethralaya Eye hospital, the Christian Medical college Hospital at Vellore and the affiliated hospitals of Ramchandra medical college. The Apollo Group, Sankara Nethralaya, Madras Medical Mission and MIOT group have pioneered medical treatment and they attract overseas patients quite regularly.
Naturopathy, aromatherapy, herbal therapies all have become popular among the medical tourists.Corporate hospitals in Chennai lure foreign patients by providing a good package medical expertise, nursing care, priority treatment at reasonable costs
The state has a sweeping range of healthcare system by government and private. Its unique system of buying drugs through an exclusive agency TN Medical Services Corporation and distributing those to general hospitals has placed Tamil Nadu on the top list of public health care in India.
Big names include the Apollo and Vijaya hospitals, the Sankara Nethralaya Eye hospital, the Christian Medical college Hospital at Vellore and the affiliated hospitals of Ramchandra medical college. The Apollo Group, Sankara Nethralaya, Madras Medical Mission and MIOT group have pioneered medical treatment and they attract overseas patients quite regularly.
Naturopathy, aromatherapy, herbal therapies all have become popular among the medical tourists.Corporate hospitals in Chennai lure foreign patients by providing a good package medical expertise, nursing care, priority treatment at reasonable costs
ELECTRICITY
The total generating capacity available to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board as on 29.02.2008 is 10122 Mega Watts. This comprises of 5597 MW of TNEB’s own generating stations, 1154 MW of Private Sector Power Plants, 2861 MW as Share from Central Sector generating stations, External assistance of 335 MW and others (Captive Power Plants) of 175 MW. Apart from this, a total capacity of 3693 MW is available from Wind Mills in the Private Sector, 451.6 MW from Co-generation plants and 104.85 MW from Bio-mass plants.
The maximum peak demand so far reached is 9076 MW (20.02.2008). The growth of energy consumption is expected to be of the order of 9% per annum. Energy consumption during 2007-08 upto February 2008 is 60,518 Million Units (MU) with a maximum daily consumption of 191.283 MU during 2007-08.
As on 29.02.2008 there are 1,193 substations, 1.61 lakh Kms. of Extra High Tension / High Tension (EHT/HT) lines, 5.12 lakh Kms. of Low Tension (LT) lines, 1.80 lakh distribution transformers and 192.15 lakh service connections
This time, with the help of news and magazine coverage, the fire prompted the nation to take immediate action against water pollution. The public response to this event helped create the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), commonly called the Clean Water Act.
The maximum peak demand so far reached is 9076 MW (20.02.2008). The growth of energy consumption is expected to be of the order of 9% per annum. Energy consumption during 2007-08 upto February 2008 is 60,518 Million Units (MU) with a maximum daily consumption of 191.283 MU during 2007-08.
As on 29.02.2008 there are 1,193 substations, 1.61 lakh Kms. of Extra High Tension / High Tension (EHT/HT) lines, 5.12 lakh Kms. of Low Tension (LT) lines, 1.80 lakh distribution transformers and 192.15 lakh service connections
This time, with the help of news and magazine coverage, the fire prompted the nation to take immediate action against water pollution. The public response to this event helped create the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), commonly called the Clean Water Act.
Education
Tamil Nadu has a established education system and has been rated by the World Bank as the number one state in delivering education through government schools. It also feels pride in its well-established engineering, medical and other professional institutions.
Expanding the access to higher education and ensuring the quality of higher education are the aims of this Government. In order to achieve these aims, the following effective steps have been taken Two new Arts and Science colleges at Surandai and Kulithalai were established during 2007-2008 in addition to the four colleges started during the year 2006-2007.(ii) As promised in the Budget for 2007-2008. payment of tuition fees for UG course in Government and Government aided colleges is waived.
As announced in the floor of Assembly, women students from poor families whose parents’ annual income is less than Rs.50,000/- are provided free education for continuing PG courses in Government and Government Aided Arts and Science Colleges under EVR Nagammai Scheme from the academic2007-2008. As stated in the Policy Note for 2007-2008, shift system has been introduced in all Government Arts and Science colleges from the academic year 2007-2008. Owing to the introduction of shift system the intake in 1st year UG course has increased.announced in the Budget of 2007-2008 with a view to improve the quality of technical education in southern districts a new Technical University in the name of Perarignar Anna has been established at Tirunelveli.
qualified teachers have been appointed in Government colleges on regular basis. One month induction training on teaching methods was imparted to the newly recruited teachers.This is first of its kind in India.Accreditation of colleges by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) is made mandatory. To accredit the institutions and to ensure the quality, State Level Accreditation Council has been formed under the Chairmanship of a former Vice-Chancellor. This is the first of its kind in India.
Expanding the access to higher education and ensuring the quality of higher education are the aims of this Government. In order to achieve these aims, the following effective steps have been taken Two new Arts and Science colleges at Surandai and Kulithalai were established during 2007-2008 in addition to the four colleges started during the year 2006-2007.(ii) As promised in the Budget for 2007-2008. payment of tuition fees for UG course in Government and Government aided colleges is waived.
As announced in the floor of Assembly, women students from poor families whose parents’ annual income is less than Rs.50,000/- are provided free education for continuing PG courses in Government and Government Aided Arts and Science Colleges under EVR Nagammai Scheme from the academic2007-2008. As stated in the Policy Note for 2007-2008, shift system has been introduced in all Government Arts and Science colleges from the academic year 2007-2008. Owing to the introduction of shift system the intake in 1st year UG course has increased.announced in the Budget of 2007-2008 with a view to improve the quality of technical education in southern districts a new Technical University in the name of Perarignar Anna has been established at Tirunelveli.
qualified teachers have been appointed in Government colleges on regular basis. One month induction training on teaching methods was imparted to the newly recruited teachers.This is first of its kind in India.Accreditation of colleges by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) is made mandatory. To accredit the institutions and to ensure the quality, State Level Accreditation Council has been formed under the Chairmanship of a former Vice-Chancellor. This is the first of its kind in India.
CITRUS
Citrus fruits of one variety or another are available year-round from California, Florida and Arizona. Most citrus growers buy their trees from a nursery that is certified disease- free. Seeds produce root stock that is disease resistant and at two to three years, a bud from a mature tree is grafted onto the bark of a seedling rootstock. The bud eventually takes hold and becomes a new tree. In five years, the tree produces the same variety of fruit that was budded onto the rootstock. There are approximately 250,000 acres of citrus grown in California.
The orange and lemon can be traced to the ancient Middle East. In ancient Sanskrit language, the orange and lemon were called “Nagrunga” and “Nimbu” and their nectar was used as a drink and medicine. The Arabs called oranges “Naranji” while the Romans called them “Arancium.” All navel oranges are related to each other and can be traced back to the Washington navel tree that remains standing today in Riverside, California. Eliza Tibbets, a Riverside pioneer, is credited with planting California’s first two Washington navel trees in 1873. The resulting sweet seedless oranges helped launch Southern California’s modern citrus industry.
Navel oranges, distinctive by the button end, are winter oranges available November through May. Navel oranges are seedless and known for their sweet taste. Valencias, known for juicing as well as eating fresh, are available February through November. Lemons, white grapefruit and ruby red grapefruit are available year-round. Desert grapefruit can be found June through July, while summer grapefruit are found June through September.
Almost a dozen different Mandarin tangerine varieties such as
Clementines are available November through May. Specialty citrus include Melogolds and Oroblancos, grapefruit varieties that are popular with those preferring a sweeter flavored grapefruit. Pummelos, or “Chinese” grape-fruit, the largest of the citrus fruits and considered a delicacy by many Asian cultures; Moro or “blood” oranges, so named for their deep burgundy flesh; and Cara Caras, a variety of pink-fleshed navels.
The orange and lemon can be traced to the ancient Middle East. In ancient Sanskrit language, the orange and lemon were called “Nagrunga” and “Nimbu” and their nectar was used as a drink and medicine. The Arabs called oranges “Naranji” while the Romans called them “Arancium.” All navel oranges are related to each other and can be traced back to the Washington navel tree that remains standing today in Riverside, California. Eliza Tibbets, a Riverside pioneer, is credited with planting California’s first two Washington navel trees in 1873. The resulting sweet seedless oranges helped launch Southern California’s modern citrus industry.
Navel oranges, distinctive by the button end, are winter oranges available November through May. Navel oranges are seedless and known for their sweet taste. Valencias, known for juicing as well as eating fresh, are available February through November. Lemons, white grapefruit and ruby red grapefruit are available year-round. Desert grapefruit can be found June through July, while summer grapefruit are found June through September.
Almost a dozen different Mandarin tangerine varieties such as
Clementines are available November through May. Specialty citrus include Melogolds and Oroblancos, grapefruit varieties that are popular with those preferring a sweeter flavored grapefruit. Pummelos, or “Chinese” grape-fruit, the largest of the citrus fruits and considered a delicacy by many Asian cultures; Moro or “blood” oranges, so named for their deep burgundy flesh; and Cara Caras, a variety of pink-fleshed navels.
TAMIL NADU
Tamil Nadu is the land of the Tamils and it has a history that dates back to several thousand years. It is a land where traditions and culture blend and continue to live in harmony. The state abounds in monuments and temples that are ancient and each has its own story of religious, artistic and cultural accomplishment.
Are there answers to be found on its beaches and hill stations as they welcome the traveler? We are sure you will form your own opinions and have your own perceptions as we welcome you to this enchanting and ancient Dravidian land, in the extreme south of peninsular India.
Tamil Nadu has a long coastline that stretches nearly a 1000 kms. The Coromandel Coast, along the Bay of Bengal, boasts of many ideal locations for sun and surf. Golden sands of the beach are dotted with coconut palm and casuarina groves. The sea washes ashore pebbles and shells and the gentle breeze sways the yachts and catamarans into the deeper waters of the sea and the waters form small dunes on the shore.
Crabs play hide-and-seek by coming out of one burrow, and taking refuge in another. Sea gulls hover in the sky and then rest on the sails of the fishing boats. There are many more breathtaking sights that will please you and hold you spell bound in Tamilnadu.
Are there answers to be found on its beaches and hill stations as they welcome the traveler? We are sure you will form your own opinions and have your own perceptions as we welcome you to this enchanting and ancient Dravidian land, in the extreme south of peninsular India.
Tamil Nadu has a long coastline that stretches nearly a 1000 kms. The Coromandel Coast, along the Bay of Bengal, boasts of many ideal locations for sun and surf. Golden sands of the beach are dotted with coconut palm and casuarina groves. The sea washes ashore pebbles and shells and the gentle breeze sways the yachts and catamarans into the deeper waters of the sea and the waters form small dunes on the shore.
Crabs play hide-and-seek by coming out of one burrow, and taking refuge in another. Sea gulls hover in the sky and then rest on the sails of the fishing boats. There are many more breathtaking sights that will please you and hold you spell bound in Tamilnadu.
FOOT BALL
For a city which has never in its history boasted a population in excess of 30,000 (see footnote 1), Broken Hill's contribution to the sport of Australian football has been extraordinary, and indeed arguably unrivalled. The fact that the city is situated in New South Wales makes its story even more intriguing, even if not quite unique.
The original Broken Hill settlement was founded by Charles Rasp, a boundary rider who discovered iron ore (although he originally thought it was tin) in the region in 1883. Almost forty years earlier, in 1844-5, Charles Sturt had coined the expression 'Broken Hill' when writing, in his diary, of the distinctive, boomerang-shaped orebody protruding from the earth right at the very heart of the region that he decided to name the Barrier Ranges.
That region has proved to be far and away the world's single richest source of silver, lead and zinc for well over a century. As for the city of Broken Hill, as intimated in the opening paragraph, this has proved to be one of, if not the, richest sources of Australian football talent anywhere in the world, on a per capita basis at any rate - of which more later.
Football first came to Broken Hill on 4 April 1885 when a scratch match between Day Dream and Silverton took place at the Day Dream mine. This was the first of many such matches, and by 1888 an informal competition involving Broken Hill, Silverton, and Silver and Blues had commenced. Two years later this competition achieved formal status with the establishment of the Barrier Ranges Football Association, precursor of today's Broken Hill Football League.
The original Broken Hill settlement was founded by Charles Rasp, a boundary rider who discovered iron ore (although he originally thought it was tin) in the region in 1883. Almost forty years earlier, in 1844-5, Charles Sturt had coined the expression 'Broken Hill' when writing, in his diary, of the distinctive, boomerang-shaped orebody protruding from the earth right at the very heart of the region that he decided to name the Barrier Ranges.
That region has proved to be far and away the world's single richest source of silver, lead and zinc for well over a century. As for the city of Broken Hill, as intimated in the opening paragraph, this has proved to be one of, if not the, richest sources of Australian football talent anywhere in the world, on a per capita basis at any rate - of which more later.
Football first came to Broken Hill on 4 April 1885 when a scratch match between Day Dream and Silverton took place at the Day Dream mine. This was the first of many such matches, and by 1888 an informal competition involving Broken Hill, Silverton, and Silver and Blues had commenced. Two years later this competition achieved formal status with the establishment of the Barrier Ranges Football Association, precursor of today's Broken Hill Football League.
YAHOO!
The "operating system" of the net and a site for evolving search engines, free news and information services, online ads, banner ads, sports and news, video and audio, clubs and auction stores has become the most popular directory in the web. The value of this successful business model lies in its unique and easy categorization of all pages and subjects - a completely professional looking web site in all.
Online advertising was the main revenue for Yahoo!, but they didn't really check on what kind of ads worked online. Immediate success stopped them from evolving and developing other important aspects of e-business. As a result, this year they have been forced to cut budgets and ads, showing that generalized media doesn't work compared to specialized media. Also, all of Yahoo's content is owned by other sites and only licensed for their use.
Among the other successful dot-coms, trends revealed that online e-brokers offer the best economic models among consumer-centered Internet companies. Instead of spending on physical infrastructure they concentrated in increasing the volume of transactions.blended telephone and Internet technologies, Reflect.com, a beauty customization site outlasted other higher profile e-tailers in the business, thus proving that the basic B2C business model is valid.
So, what we have seen is that a combination of strategies, smart thinking, brilliant business plans, great and innovative promotional ideas are an integral part of any e-success. There is no doubt that in the near future, an average person anywhere in the world will surf the Internet more often than he or she watches television or uses the telephone. As a result, it makes sense for entrepreneurs of all kinds to come up with ideas of generating income by marketing their products or services to these surfers. Competition in cyberspace may become even fiercer in the future and therefore the right business plan is what will eventually ensure long-term success.
Online advertising was the main revenue for Yahoo!, but they didn't really check on what kind of ads worked online. Immediate success stopped them from evolving and developing other important aspects of e-business. As a result, this year they have been forced to cut budgets and ads, showing that generalized media doesn't work compared to specialized media. Also, all of Yahoo's content is owned by other sites and only licensed for their use.
Among the other successful dot-coms, trends revealed that online e-brokers offer the best economic models among consumer-centered Internet companies. Instead of spending on physical infrastructure they concentrated in increasing the volume of transactions.blended telephone and Internet technologies, Reflect.com, a beauty customization site outlasted other higher profile e-tailers in the business, thus proving that the basic B2C business model is valid.
So, what we have seen is that a combination of strategies, smart thinking, brilliant business plans, great and innovative promotional ideas are an integral part of any e-success. There is no doubt that in the near future, an average person anywhere in the world will surf the Internet more often than he or she watches television or uses the telephone. As a result, it makes sense for entrepreneurs of all kinds to come up with ideas of generating income by marketing their products or services to these surfers. Competition in cyberspace may become even fiercer in the future and therefore the right business plan is what will eventually ensure long-term success.
Online Internet Business Models
This article explores some successful Internet companies and how they tapped the internet business opportunity. Since our company often does web development work for e-businesses and web entrepreneurs, we have gained experience in understanding both the technological and business side of a web site. Please contact us here to outsource web business consulting and development.
At a time when 'dot-cons' and 'dot-com doom' are the most commonly used phrases, discussing dot-com successes would be tantamount to burying one's head in the sand and talking. Or is it? Is the Internet revolution really over? According to analysts and the economy soothsayers, No! The Internet has entrenched itself into the economy today.
This medium that provides enormous opportunities to any business by removing the twin obstacles of time and distance is here to stay, and thrive. What lessons can be learnt from those who survived the carnage on the Infobahn? How can you rate a successful e-business?
In medieval times, the surrender of the king would mean the loss of the kingdom to invading armies and that could mean change for the worse. It was to everyone’s advantage, from the lowest serf to the highest-ranking official, to keep the king safe from harm. The king is the most important, but not the most powerful piecein chess. If you do not protect your king, you lose the game.
At a time when 'dot-cons' and 'dot-com doom' are the most commonly used phrases, discussing dot-com successes would be tantamount to burying one's head in the sand and talking. Or is it? Is the Internet revolution really over? According to analysts and the economy soothsayers, No! The Internet has entrenched itself into the economy today.
This medium that provides enormous opportunities to any business by removing the twin obstacles of time and distance is here to stay, and thrive. What lessons can be learnt from those who survived the carnage on the Infobahn? How can you rate a successful e-business?
In medieval times, the surrender of the king would mean the loss of the kingdom to invading armies and that could mean change for the worse. It was to everyone’s advantage, from the lowest serf to the highest-ranking official, to keep the king safe from harm. The king is the most important, but not the most powerful piecein chess. If you do not protect your king, you lose the game.
Cash Flow
Of all the statements that comprise a farm business plan, the cash flow statement is often the most challenging one to prepare. This statement covers all aspects of farming, and to do a good job requires considerable amount of time, thought, and commitment. However, the time spent preparing this statement can also pay big dividends in charting the course towards a more profitable farm business. The cash flow projection simulates the anticipated financial activity that will flow through the farm bank account during the accounting period.
The cash flow projection simulates every dollar flowing into the bank account, and every dollar flowing out of the bank account, including both business and personal cash transactions and financial activity affecting the business bank account.
A cash flow projection is important because… It requires careful planning and thought in managing all aspects of the farm business, and allows the user to test ideas before they are put into practice. The cash flow projection addresses the question of whether or not the business plan will be feasible in the short run. Under some circumstances, it may be necessary to prepare a cash flow budget for more than one year to fully address feasibility issues and prolonged start-up costs.
The cash flow statement provides information as to whether or not an operating line of credit will be required during the production period, and if so, when and how much credit will be required. The cash flow budget also helps to confirm whether the farm can operate within an existing approved line of credit, and if not, how much more credit will be required and during what time period(s).
The cash flow projection simulates every dollar flowing into the bank account, and every dollar flowing out of the bank account, including both business and personal cash transactions and financial activity affecting the business bank account.
A cash flow projection is important because… It requires careful planning and thought in managing all aspects of the farm business, and allows the user to test ideas before they are put into practice. The cash flow projection addresses the question of whether or not the business plan will be feasible in the short run. Under some circumstances, it may be necessary to prepare a cash flow budget for more than one year to fully address feasibility issues and prolonged start-up costs.
The cash flow statement provides information as to whether or not an operating line of credit will be required during the production period, and if so, when and how much credit will be required. The cash flow budget also helps to confirm whether the farm can operate within an existing approved line of credit, and if not, how much more credit will be required and during what time period(s).
Income Statement
Other names used for this important accounting statement include: a profit-and-loss statement, an operating statement, and an income and expense statement. The income statement lists the income and expenses of a business over a period of time, called the accounting period. The accounting period for most farm businesses is the calendar year, since they report income for tax purposes on the calendar year. The income statement measures the profitability of the business over this period. It is a capsule view of what the farm produced over the time period and what it cost to produce it.
The difference between these two categories is called the net income, profit or loss for the period. The most common income statement for farm producers is the income statement, since it is this statement that is prepared in support of an income tax return. The cash income statement considers only cash transactions at the time they are made, be that income or expenses. The other type of income statement is called an accrual income statement. The accrual income statement lists all the income when the goods are produced, not necessarily when they are sold. Expenses are recorded when they are incurred, not necessarily when they are paid for.
The accrual income statement does a much better job of reporting income and expenses as they relate to the production cycle, and this provides the basis for a more thorough analysis of the income and expenses. In most cases, producers prepare a cash income statement, and make the accrual adjustments for inventory changes, accounts receivable and payable, etc. Farm plan follows this format by reporting the cash income and expenses and then making all the adjustments to this cash statement to produce an accrual income statement.
Net Farm Income refers to the 'bottom line' profit that is earned (or projected to earn) by the business during the accounting period. It represents the business' return (calculated on an accrual basis) to the producers labour, management, and capital. Net Farm Income is calculated by taking the cash income less the cash expenses, including the depreciation for the period, and then making the appropriate accrual adjustments to
this cash income.
The difference between these two categories is called the net income, profit or loss for the period. The most common income statement for farm producers is the income statement, since it is this statement that is prepared in support of an income tax return. The cash income statement considers only cash transactions at the time they are made, be that income or expenses. The other type of income statement is called an accrual income statement. The accrual income statement lists all the income when the goods are produced, not necessarily when they are sold. Expenses are recorded when they are incurred, not necessarily when they are paid for.
The accrual income statement does a much better job of reporting income and expenses as they relate to the production cycle, and this provides the basis for a more thorough analysis of the income and expenses. In most cases, producers prepare a cash income statement, and make the accrual adjustments for inventory changes, accounts receivable and payable, etc. Farm plan follows this format by reporting the cash income and expenses and then making all the adjustments to this cash statement to produce an accrual income statement.
Net Farm Income refers to the 'bottom line' profit that is earned (or projected to earn) by the business during the accounting period. It represents the business' return (calculated on an accrual basis) to the producers labour, management, and capital. Net Farm Income is calculated by taking the cash income less the cash expenses, including the depreciation for the period, and then making the appropriate accrual adjustments to
this cash income.
Production.
Intermediate assets or non-current assets are typically held and used for several years. They include the working assets such as the breeding stock, equipment and machinery used in the production of farm commodities. These assets generally have a life expectancy of more than one year and generally less than ten years. Long term assets include those assets that have a useful life in excess of ten years and generally include assets such as land and buildings.
The liabilities are generally listed on the right-hand side of the report and are also divided into three categories: current, intermediate and long-term. The current liabilities are due now or will come due within the year, theIntermediate liabilities generally have a repayment period of less then ten years, and the long-term liabilities have a repayment period of more than ten years. Current liabilities are generally used to finance the production inputs, intermediate liabilities are used to finance the working assets such as breeding livestock, equipment and machinery, and long-term liabilities are used to finance the most permanent assets, such as land and buildings.
The net worth represents the difference in the value between the assets and the liabilities using the market value method. An incorporated business lists this equity (capital) under a number of different headings including the categories of capital shares, retained earnings and contributed surplus. The Net worth Statement is based on the following relationship: Farm plan produces two different formats for the Net worth Statement_ Includes as a current liability, the principal portion of the intermediate and long-term debt that will come due within the year. Or more elements. The same can be done on the financial side of the business.
Analyzing the results contained in a business plan is simply a process of looking at specific information contained in the financial statements, interpreting the results, and drawing some meaningful conclusions from this information. The key is to know what to look for, how to make some sense out of this information, and then Use this information in making informed management decisions. One way to analyze financial statements is to look at different ratios. Ratios are simply relationships between two different sets of financial data or values. Properly interpreted ratios can point to areas requiring further investigation and inquiry.
The liabilities are generally listed on the right-hand side of the report and are also divided into three categories: current, intermediate and long-term. The current liabilities are due now or will come due within the year, theIntermediate liabilities generally have a repayment period of less then ten years, and the long-term liabilities have a repayment period of more than ten years. Current liabilities are generally used to finance the production inputs, intermediate liabilities are used to finance the working assets such as breeding livestock, equipment and machinery, and long-term liabilities are used to finance the most permanent assets, such as land and buildings.
The net worth represents the difference in the value between the assets and the liabilities using the market value method. An incorporated business lists this equity (capital) under a number of different headings including the categories of capital shares, retained earnings and contributed surplus. The Net worth Statement is based on the following relationship: Farm plan produces two different formats for the Net worth Statement_ Includes as a current liability, the principal portion of the intermediate and long-term debt that will come due within the year. Or more elements. The same can be done on the financial side of the business.
Analyzing the results contained in a business plan is simply a process of looking at specific information contained in the financial statements, interpreting the results, and drawing some meaningful conclusions from this information. The key is to know what to look for, how to make some sense out of this information, and then Use this information in making informed management decisions. One way to analyze financial statements is to look at different ratios. Ratios are simply relationships between two different sets of financial data or values. Properly interpreted ratios can point to areas requiring further investigation and inquiry.
Net worth Statement
This statement has been referred to as a net worth statement, a balance sheet, a statement of financial position, and an asset/liability statement. Most incorporated businesses refer to this statement as a balance sheet as opposed to a net worth statement. A net worth statement generally lists the assets at their 'fair market value', whereas a balance sheet lists the assets at their 'historical cost less depreciation' that has been charged as an expense against the assets. We will simply refer to this report as the net worth statement. The net worth statement is one of the principal reports of any good accounting system. The purpose of this report is to describe the assets, liabilities, and equity (capital) of a business at a particular point in time.
A net worth statement is a financial snapshot of the business, which reports financial information in a format that can be easily read and understood. Whether assets should be listed at their 'historical cost' or at 'fair market value' has been debated over the years. As already mentioned, incorporated businesses, subject to more formal accounting standards generally list assets using the historical cost method. An asset is reported at this cost amount until another transaction provides objective evidence of a change in its value. Non-incorporated farm businesses, more interested in reporting the current value of the net worth, list the assets at their fair market value.
Net worth statements that are prepared using the 'fair market value' require the valuation of the assets each time the statements are prepared. Depending on the purpose of the report, both methods have merit, but are used for different purposes. The structure of a net worth statement can vary but generally the assets are listed on the left-hand side, with the current assets at the top, intermediate in the middle, and long term at the bottom. Most non-farm financial statements refer to only two categories of assets and liabilities, that being the current and the fixed categories.
Assets that are most easily converted into cash are listed at the top with less liquid assets located beneath in descending order of liquidity. Current assets consist of cash, accounts receivable, and inventory including grain and market livestock that will be converted into cash or consumed within approximately one year. Current assets can also include fertilizer, herbicides, fuel, feed and other "in-put" assets associated with the agriculture.
A net worth statement is a financial snapshot of the business, which reports financial information in a format that can be easily read and understood. Whether assets should be listed at their 'historical cost' or at 'fair market value' has been debated over the years. As already mentioned, incorporated businesses, subject to more formal accounting standards generally list assets using the historical cost method. An asset is reported at this cost amount until another transaction provides objective evidence of a change in its value. Non-incorporated farm businesses, more interested in reporting the current value of the net worth, list the assets at their fair market value.
Net worth statements that are prepared using the 'fair market value' require the valuation of the assets each time the statements are prepared. Depending on the purpose of the report, both methods have merit, but are used for different purposes. The structure of a net worth statement can vary but generally the assets are listed on the left-hand side, with the current assets at the top, intermediate in the middle, and long term at the bottom. Most non-farm financial statements refer to only two categories of assets and liabilities, that being the current and the fixed categories.
Assets that are most easily converted into cash are listed at the top with less liquid assets located beneath in descending order of liquidity. Current assets consist of cash, accounts receivable, and inventory including grain and market livestock that will be converted into cash or consumed within approximately one year. Current assets can also include fertilizer, herbicides, fuel, feed and other "in-put" assets associated with the agriculture.
Integrated Financial Statements
Integrated financial statements is a concept of linking financial statements together, as pieces of a puzzle, to provide one comprehensive report, with each statement focusing on a specific aspect of the business. Integrated financial statements help to ensure the overall accuracy and consistency of the financial report, as information in one report is common and linked to all of the other reports.
These statements provide both the detailed structure and the comprehensive or broad picture needed for business analysis. They also provide a number of important financial ratios which in turn provide important relationships for credit analysis and management decision-making. Farm plan produces integrated financial statements in its business plan. We will now examine each Of these statements in more detail.
Another way to express the relationship between two or more sets of financial data or values is to state the relationship in terms of a percentage of one to the other(s). Having established this relationship, it is important to correctly interpret the relationship, so that a meaningful conclusion can be reached and a sound management decision made based on this information. Whether you are using a ratio or a percentage analysis, it is important to keep in mind that the results and interpretation can be affected by the values placed on the assets, the type of business, and the size of the farm Business.
With a little knowledge, some experience, and a measure of common sense, analyzing financial statements can become a valued management skill. Let's look now at some of these ratios and relationships as reported on a typical net worth statement. Ratio. A current ratio of 1.5 to 1 is good, 1 to 1 is weak, and <1 to 1 often results in cash flow problems. Therefore, the current ratio may be weaker than the value of the ratio would suggest. Interpreting this ratio may be as important as is the numerical value of the ratio.
These statements provide both the detailed structure and the comprehensive or broad picture needed for business analysis. They also provide a number of important financial ratios which in turn provide important relationships for credit analysis and management decision-making. Farm plan produces integrated financial statements in its business plan. We will now examine each Of these statements in more detail.
Another way to express the relationship between two or more sets of financial data or values is to state the relationship in terms of a percentage of one to the other(s). Having established this relationship, it is important to correctly interpret the relationship, so that a meaningful conclusion can be reached and a sound management decision made based on this information. Whether you are using a ratio or a percentage analysis, it is important to keep in mind that the results and interpretation can be affected by the values placed on the assets, the type of business, and the size of the farm Business.
With a little knowledge, some experience, and a measure of common sense, analyzing financial statements can become a valued management skill. Let's look now at some of these ratios and relationships as reported on a typical net worth statement. Ratio. A current ratio of 1.5 to 1 is good, 1 to 1 is weak, and <1 to 1 often results in cash flow problems. Therefore, the current ratio may be weaker than the value of the ratio would suggest. Interpreting this ratio may be as important as is the numerical value of the ratio.
prepare a Business Plan
It allows a manager to test on paper the viability of a proposed plan, before committing it to action. As has been said, "if it doesn't work on paper, it won't work in the field!" It allows the manager to make modifications and fine-tune a plan, in order to increase revenue and/or reduce costs. It necessitates giving careful thought to the key management responsibilities such as longer range goals.and objectives, human resources, production, marketing, finance, profitability and risk issues.
It allows management to forecast credit requirements, timing and the need for capital purchases, production alternatives and structural changes over the planning period.Most farm managers understand the importance of good records. This is especially true in times of tight profit margins. Most producers do a good job of keeping records for income tax purposes. These records may, however, not contain sufficient information, which will allow for a complete business analysis.
The weak link in the record-keeping chain often relates to the failure to record non-cash information such as inventories, physical information such as feed consumption, keeping track of payables, receivables, and credit and loan balances. Completing a year-end inventory is necessary for any meaningful business analysis. Farm business managers
must get into the habit of taking inventories at the end of each year. Non-farm businesses understand the need for taking inventory, not because they enjoy the task but, simply put, Revenue Canada does not allow them to file income tax on a cash basis without regard to inventory adjustments. Never the less, having inventory information is important for a number of non-tax reasons including business analysis and participation in agriculture programs such as AIDA.
Good farm records are also of great value when it comes time to prepare a farm business plan. Historical records, both physical and financial, provide a foundation for the business plan, and give the projected plan credibility in that the past results are consistent with the present situation and future expectations. A business plan builds on the past experience and projects forward the planned business activity. Having the projected results consistent with the past experience gives the business plan a higher degree of certainty and a better chance of success. In cases where there are no historical records, such as a new enterprise or new business, projections.
It allows management to forecast credit requirements, timing and the need for capital purchases, production alternatives and structural changes over the planning period.Most farm managers understand the importance of good records. This is especially true in times of tight profit margins. Most producers do a good job of keeping records for income tax purposes. These records may, however, not contain sufficient information, which will allow for a complete business analysis.
The weak link in the record-keeping chain often relates to the failure to record non-cash information such as inventories, physical information such as feed consumption, keeping track of payables, receivables, and credit and loan balances. Completing a year-end inventory is necessary for any meaningful business analysis. Farm business managers
must get into the habit of taking inventories at the end of each year. Non-farm businesses understand the need for taking inventory, not because they enjoy the task but, simply put, Revenue Canada does not allow them to file income tax on a cash basis without regard to inventory adjustments. Never the less, having inventory information is important for a number of non-tax reasons including business analysis and participation in agriculture programs such as AIDA.
Good farm records are also of great value when it comes time to prepare a farm business plan. Historical records, both physical and financial, provide a foundation for the business plan, and give the projected plan credibility in that the past results are consistent with the present situation and future expectations. A business plan builds on the past experience and projects forward the planned business activity. Having the projected results consistent with the past experience gives the business plan a higher degree of certainty and a better chance of success. In cases where there are no historical records, such as a new enterprise or new business, projections.
FARM PLAN
Farmplan is a new computer-planning program that has been developed by Farm Management Specialists with Manitoba Agriculture and Food. Farmplan is not a record-keeping system but rather a farm planning program, similar to programs used by financial institutions in support of loan applications and credit renewals. It is a program that allows producers to prepare a business plan, utilizing co-ordinated financial statements including a pro-forma net worth, an accrual income statement, a cash flow statement and a debt servicing report.
Farmplan requires users to have a computer that runs in a Windows '95 environment or higher, have access to Microsoft Excel '97 or higher, and have a working knowledge of spread-sheets. Farmplan is a user-friendly program that offers on-screen tips and has easy-to-read screen layouts. A business plan is like a road map, which shows where the business is now, where the business would like to be over the next year(s), and how it will get there.
The business plan commits to paper ideas you have in your mind, and how you plan to implement those ideas in the future. The business plan is directed towards the achievement of longer-term goals. Goals are longer-term results that are desirable and sought after, and reflecting underlying values held by the individual or business entity.
A clear vision of where you want the farm to be in five to ten years can be a powerful driving force to keep the business plan on course. A well thought-out business plan will address the key management elements including the financial plan, the production and marketing plan, risk management, and human resource issues.
Farmplan requires users to have a computer that runs in a Windows '95 environment or higher, have access to Microsoft Excel '97 or higher, and have a working knowledge of spread-sheets. Farmplan is a user-friendly program that offers on-screen tips and has easy-to-read screen layouts. A business plan is like a road map, which shows where the business is now, where the business would like to be over the next year(s), and how it will get there.
The business plan commits to paper ideas you have in your mind, and how you plan to implement those ideas in the future. The business plan is directed towards the achievement of longer-term goals. Goals are longer-term results that are desirable and sought after, and reflecting underlying values held by the individual or business entity.
A clear vision of where you want the farm to be in five to ten years can be a powerful driving force to keep the business plan on course. A well thought-out business plan will address the key management elements including the financial plan, the production and marketing plan, risk management, and human resource issues.
Farm Management
Many farm producers prepare a business plan each year, often for the purpose of renewing their credit requirements, or in support of a new loan application.Unfortunately, this task is too often viewed as something that must be done for the credit manager in order to get a loan. And, while this is often the case, producers need to realize that they can also greatly benefit from a well-prepared business plan.
Preparing a business plan is probably one of the more important tasks that managers do in the course of over seeing a business. Time spent preparing a well thought-out plan can have a significant payback in both financial rewards and peace of mind. The purpose of this article is to provide farm managers and other users of financial statements, a better understanding of how to prepare, analyze and interpret financial statements in a business plan.
This may seem like a complicated task. However, the purpose of this article is to take someof the mystery out of this task, and hopefully provide users with the necessary tools to more effectively analyze financial statements and make informed business decisions. Farmplan has been developed and released by Manitoba Agriculture and Food in order to assist farm producers in preparing a business plan.
Much of this discussion will build on the information provided by this new planning program. The accrual adjustments include change to inventory and supplies, accounts payable and accounts receivable, and outstanding interest from the beginning to the end of the period.The Net Farm Income provides the answer to the question of how much profit the farm has made or is projected to make, in the business plan.
Preparing a business plan is probably one of the more important tasks that managers do in the course of over seeing a business. Time spent preparing a well thought-out plan can have a significant payback in both financial rewards and peace of mind. The purpose of this article is to provide farm managers and other users of financial statements, a better understanding of how to prepare, analyze and interpret financial statements in a business plan.
This may seem like a complicated task. However, the purpose of this article is to take someof the mystery out of this task, and hopefully provide users with the necessary tools to more effectively analyze financial statements and make informed business decisions. Farmplan has been developed and released by Manitoba Agriculture and Food in order to assist farm producers in preparing a business plan.
Much of this discussion will build on the information provided by this new planning program. The accrual adjustments include change to inventory and supplies, accounts payable and accounts receivable, and outstanding interest from the beginning to the end of the period.The Net Farm Income provides the answer to the question of how much profit the farm has made or is projected to make, in the business plan.
Trust
Romanian legislation does not recognise the concept of a trust. An EIG is an association of two or more individuals or companies set up for a definite period. Its main objective is the development of the activities of the members; the development of the EIG itself is secondary. An EIG is allowed a maximum of 20 members. A key feature of EIGs is the unlimited joint liability of its members and the fact that it may not, directly or indirectly, own shares in one of its member companies or in another EIG. An EIG is not allowed to issue shares, bonds or other negotiable instruments.
A EEIG is similar to EIG and it can be set up in any EU member state and may function in Romania through subsidiaries, branches, representative offices or other non-legal entities provided these comply with domestic legislation. The subsidiaries and branches of an EEIG are subject to the same registration procedure as EIGs. A SE may be created on registration in any of the EU member states in accordance with the EC Regulation 2157/2001.
European law requires member states to treat a SE as if it is a public limited company formed in accordance with the law of the member state in which it has its registered office. By using the SE, businesses operating in several member states can establish themselves as a single company instead of having to follow different rules for each country in which they have subsidiaries. SEs are only suitable for large companies.
Limited liability companies are the most popular vehicles for business in Romania because of their simple administrative requirements, greater flexibility compared to other types of companies and low capital requirement. However, joint stock companies remain an attractive option for investors which plan to list their companies on the stock exchange.
A EEIG is similar to EIG and it can be set up in any EU member state and may function in Romania through subsidiaries, branches, representative offices or other non-legal entities provided these comply with domestic legislation. The subsidiaries and branches of an EEIG are subject to the same registration procedure as EIGs. A SE may be created on registration in any of the EU member states in accordance with the EC Regulation 2157/2001.
European law requires member states to treat a SE as if it is a public limited company formed in accordance with the law of the member state in which it has its registered office. By using the SE, businesses operating in several member states can establish themselves as a single company instead of having to follow different rules for each country in which they have subsidiaries. SEs are only suitable for large companies.
Limited liability companies are the most popular vehicles for business in Romania because of their simple administrative requirements, greater flexibility compared to other types of companies and low capital requirement. However, joint stock companies remain an attractive option for investors which plan to list their companies on the stock exchange.
Branch of a Foreign Company
A branch of a foreign company does not have its own legal personality or share capital. Being a unit of the parent company, branch activities cannot exceed the scope of activity of the parent company. Partnership as a legal form is seldom used in Romania. The three kinds of partnerships provided by law that lead to the creation of an entity with legal personality are general partnership.
Limited partnership and partnership limited by shares The partners in a general partnership and the active partners in a limited partnerships have unlimited liability with respect to the obligations of the partnership toward third parties. Among themselves, each partner is individually and collectively responsible for these obligations. The minimum capital is stipulated only for a partnership limited by shares (i.e., RON 90,000, equivalent of approximately EUR 25,715). No capital requirements are provided for the other forms of partnerships.
Domestic legislation allows for the conclusion of a joint venture agreement. Under this agreement, parties act together for the accomplishment of a common business goal. This form of doing business in Romania does not create a legal entity. Generally, one party is in charge of the bookkeeping of the joint venture. The analysis of a ratio can disclose relationships as well as form a basis of comparison that reveals conditions and trends that cannot be detected by an inspection of the individual components making up the ratio.
Some ratios may be described as being desirable, others as being weak. The analyst shouldn't become a slave to the numerical value of certain ratios, since they often mean more when compared to the same measure of earlier years, similar farms, or industry standards. It is important to realize that no two farms are alike. Again, the trend of these ratios over time is often more important than the ratio.
Limited partnership and partnership limited by shares The partners in a general partnership and the active partners in a limited partnerships have unlimited liability with respect to the obligations of the partnership toward third parties. Among themselves, each partner is individually and collectively responsible for these obligations. The minimum capital is stipulated only for a partnership limited by shares (i.e., RON 90,000, equivalent of approximately EUR 25,715). No capital requirements are provided for the other forms of partnerships.
Domestic legislation allows for the conclusion of a joint venture agreement. Under this agreement, parties act together for the accomplishment of a common business goal. This form of doing business in Romania does not create a legal entity. Generally, one party is in charge of the bookkeeping of the joint venture. The analysis of a ratio can disclose relationships as well as form a basis of comparison that reveals conditions and trends that cannot be detected by an inspection of the individual components making up the ratio.
Some ratios may be described as being desirable, others as being weak. The analyst shouldn't become a slave to the numerical value of certain ratios, since they often mean more when compared to the same measure of earlier years, similar farms, or industry standards. It is important to realize that no two farms are alike. Again, the trend of these ratios over time is often more important than the ratio.
Joint Stock Company.
The minimum statutory capital for a joint stock company shall be RON 90,000 (approximately EUR 25,715). Shares must be held by a minimum of two shareholders, individuals and/or legal entities (there is no maximum limit), and can be open to either public or private participation. The minimum face value of one share shall be RON 0.1. Pursuant to the recent amendments, company shareholders may empower the administrators to increase the share capital by a specified amount, provided it does not exceed half of the value of the existing share capital.
Two options have been provided for administration of joint stock companies: the unitary system and the dualist system. Unitary system – the company is managed by one or several administrators organized as a Board. The Board can assign management of the company to one or several directors. Dualist (two-tier) system – the management of the company is ensured by a Directorate and a Supervisory Board: The Directorate carries out the activities and management of the company and reports to the Supervisory Board;
The Supervisory Board exerts permanent control over the Directorate and reports to the General Meeting of Shareholders. Administrators, members of the Directorate and the Supervisory Board may not conclude a labour agreement with the company, a management agreement is required instead. A representative office is usually set up by foreign companies in Romania to carry out non-commercial activities such as advertising and market research on behalf of the parent company.
-
Representative offices cannot carry out commercial activities in Romania. In order to register a representative office, company officials should apply to the General Department of Commercial Policies in the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Trade, Tourism and Liberal Professions and pay an annual fee of USD 1,200 for the license. Upon authorisation, the representative office must be also registered with the Ministry of Economy and Finance and with the Romanian Chamber of Commerce and pay an annual income tax of USD 4,000.
Two options have been provided for administration of joint stock companies: the unitary system and the dualist system. Unitary system – the company is managed by one or several administrators organized as a Board. The Board can assign management of the company to one or several directors. Dualist (two-tier) system – the management of the company is ensured by a Directorate and a Supervisory Board: The Directorate carries out the activities and management of the company and reports to the Supervisory Board;
The Supervisory Board exerts permanent control over the Directorate and reports to the General Meeting of Shareholders. Administrators, members of the Directorate and the Supervisory Board may not conclude a labour agreement with the company, a management agreement is required instead. A representative office is usually set up by foreign companies in Romania to carry out non-commercial activities such as advertising and market research on behalf of the parent company.
-
Representative offices cannot carry out commercial activities in Romania. In order to register a representative office, company officials should apply to the General Department of Commercial Policies in the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Trade, Tourism and Liberal Professions and pay an annual fee of USD 1,200 for the license. Upon authorisation, the representative office must be also registered with the Ministry of Economy and Finance and with the Romanian Chamber of Commerce and pay an annual income tax of USD 4,000.
Limited Liability Company
The shareholder liability is limited to the amount subscribed as participation to the company’s share capital. The share capital of a SRL must be of at least RON 200 (approximately EUR 60), divided into shares with a minimum face value of RON 10 each.
A SRL may be formed by a minimum of one shareholder and a maximum of 50 (fifty). These shareholders may include individuals and/or legal entities. A person, either natural or legal, cannot be the sole shareholder of more than one SRL. If a person intends to form several companies, it would be necessary for a minimum of one share to be held by another person or entity. Moreover, an SRL cannot have, as sole shareholder, another limited liability company that is also owned by a single shareholder.
The shareholder liability is limited to the amount subscribed in the company’s share capital. A SRL is managed by one or more administrators who may have full or limited powers and who may be Romanian or foreign nationals. There is no distinction between companies operating with or without foreign share capital. For US tax purposes, SRL is a check-the-box entity
Finally, flexibility is seen as a stage in the organizational life cycle. BPO helped to transform Nortel from a bureaucratic organization into a very agile competitor. A company can gain the advantage of maintaining ambitious growth goals while sidestepping standard business bottlenecks. BPO therefore allows firms to retain their entrepreneurial speed and agility, which they would otherwise sacrifice in order to become efficient as they expanded. It avoids a premature internal transition from its informal entrepreneurial phase to a more bureaucratic mode of operation.
A SRL may be formed by a minimum of one shareholder and a maximum of 50 (fifty). These shareholders may include individuals and/or legal entities. A person, either natural or legal, cannot be the sole shareholder of more than one SRL. If a person intends to form several companies, it would be necessary for a minimum of one share to be held by another person or entity. Moreover, an SRL cannot have, as sole shareholder, another limited liability company that is also owned by a single shareholder.
The shareholder liability is limited to the amount subscribed in the company’s share capital. A SRL is managed by one or more administrators who may have full or limited powers and who may be Romanian or foreign nationals. There is no distinction between companies operating with or without foreign share capital. For US tax purposes, SRL is a check-the-box entity
Finally, flexibility is seen as a stage in the organizational life cycle. BPO helped to transform Nortel from a bureaucratic organization into a very agile competitor. A company can gain the advantage of maintaining ambitious growth goals while sidestepping standard business bottlenecks. BPO therefore allows firms to retain their entrepreneurial speed and agility, which they would otherwise sacrifice in order to become efficient as they expanded. It avoids a premature internal transition from its informal entrepreneurial phase to a more bureaucratic mode of operation.
Threats
Risk is the major drawback with Business Process Outsourcing. Outsourcing of an Information System, for example, can cause security risks both from a communication and from a privacy perspective. From a knowledge perspective, a changing attitude in employees, underestimation of running costs and the major risk of losing independence, outsourcing leads to a different relationship between an organization and its contractor.
Risks and threats of outsourcing must therefore be managed, to achieve any benefits. In order to manage outsourcing in a structured way, maximizing positive outcome, and minimizing risks and avoiding any threats, a Business Continuity Management (BCM) model is setup. BCM consists of a set of steps, to successfully identify, manage and control that business processes that are, or can be outsourced.
Another framework, more focused on the identification process of potential outsourceable Information Systems, identified as AHP, is explainedL. Willcocks, M. Lacity and G. Fitzgerald identify several contracting problems companies face, ranging from unclear contract formatting, to a lack of understanding of technical IT- processes.
This information and analysis is also critical to your lender in helping gain insight into your business and providing credit support. Analyzing the Net Farm Income as a return on the farm assets and equity (net worth) can also be informative. Since the Net Farm Income represents the return the farm earns on your investment, you will be interested to know the value of this return
Risks and threats of outsourcing must therefore be managed, to achieve any benefits. In order to manage outsourcing in a structured way, maximizing positive outcome, and minimizing risks and avoiding any threats, a Business Continuity Management (BCM) model is setup. BCM consists of a set of steps, to successfully identify, manage and control that business processes that are, or can be outsourced.
Another framework, more focused on the identification process of potential outsourceable Information Systems, identified as AHP, is explainedL. Willcocks, M. Lacity and G. Fitzgerald identify several contracting problems companies face, ranging from unclear contract formatting, to a lack of understanding of technical IT- processes.
This information and analysis is also critical to your lender in helping gain insight into your business and providing credit support. Analyzing the Net Farm Income as a return on the farm assets and equity (net worth) can also be informative. Since the Net Farm Income represents the return the farm earns on your investment, you will be interested to know the value of this return
BPO Benefits and Limitations
One of the most important advantages of BPO is the way in which it helps to increase a company’s flexibility. However, several sources have different ways in which they perceive organizational flexibility. Therefore business process outsourcing enhances the flexibility of an organization in different ways.
Most services provided by BPO vendors are offered on a fee-for-service basis. This helps a company becoming more flexible by transforming fixed into variable costs A variable cost structure helps a company responding to changes in required capacity and does not require a company to invest in assets, thereby making the company more flexible. Outsourcing may provide a firm with increased flexibility in its resource management and may reduce response times to major environmental changes.
Another way in which BPO contributes to a company’s flexibility is that a company is able to focus on its core competencies, without being burdened by the demands of bureaucratic restraints. Key employees are herewith released from performing non-core or administrative processes and can invest more time and energy in building the firm’s core businesses. The key lies in knowing which of the main value drivers to focus on – customer intimacy, product leadership, or operational excellence. Focusing more on one of these drivers may help a company create a competitive edge.
A third way in which BPO increases organizational flexibility is by increasing the speed of business processes. Using techniques such as linear programming can reduce cycle time and inventory levels, which can increase efficiency and cut costs. Supply chain management with the effective use of supply chain partners and business process outsourcing increases the speed of several business processes, such as the throughput in the case of a manufacturing company.
Most services provided by BPO vendors are offered on a fee-for-service basis. This helps a company becoming more flexible by transforming fixed into variable costs A variable cost structure helps a company responding to changes in required capacity and does not require a company to invest in assets, thereby making the company more flexible. Outsourcing may provide a firm with increased flexibility in its resource management and may reduce response times to major environmental changes.
Another way in which BPO contributes to a company’s flexibility is that a company is able to focus on its core competencies, without being burdened by the demands of bureaucratic restraints. Key employees are herewith released from performing non-core or administrative processes and can invest more time and energy in building the firm’s core businesses. The key lies in knowing which of the main value drivers to focus on – customer intimacy, product leadership, or operational excellence. Focusing more on one of these drivers may help a company create a competitive edge.
A third way in which BPO increases organizational flexibility is by increasing the speed of business processes. Using techniques such as linear programming can reduce cycle time and inventory levels, which can increase efficiency and cut costs. Supply chain management with the effective use of supply chain partners and business process outsourcing increases the speed of several business processes, such as the throughput in the case of a manufacturing company.
Industry size
India has revenues of 10.9 billion USD from offshore BPO and 30 billion USD from IT and total BPO (expected in FY 2008). India thus has some 5-6% share of the total BPO Industry, but a commanding 63% share of the offshore component. This 63% is a drop from the 70% offshore share that India enjoyed last year, despite the industry growing 38% in India last year, other locations like Eastern Europe, Philippines, Morocco and South Africa have emerged to take a share of the market.
China is also trying to grow from a very small base in this industry. However, while the BPO industry is expected to continue to grow in India, its market share of the offshore piece is expected to decline. Important centers.According to McKinsey, the global "addressable" BPO market is worth $122 - $154 billion, of which: 35-40 retail banking, 25-35 insurance, 10-12 travel/hospitality, 10-12 auto, 8-10 telecoms, 8 pharma, 10-15 others and 20-25 is finance, accounting and HR. Moreover, they estimate that 8% of that capacity was utilized as of 2006.
The Net Farm Income must be large enough (unless there are other sources of income) to cover additional items such as the principal portion of the loan payments, the producer's NISA contribution, the personal draw Whether you analyze the Net Farm Income from previous years .
projected Net Farm Income for the coming year, you need to ask yourself a number of questions: "Am I satisfied with the current Net Farm Income?"; "Can the value of the farm production be increased or the costs reduced to improved the income?”;” What went well and what can be done better to improve the overall profitability?"; "How do my results stack up against the plan prepared last year, other similar farms in the area, and bench-mark costs of production for similar enterprises? “An in-depth analysis will involve looking at each enterprise and each source of revenue and expense to see what could be done to improve the overall income.
China is also trying to grow from a very small base in this industry. However, while the BPO industry is expected to continue to grow in India, its market share of the offshore piece is expected to decline. Important centers.According to McKinsey, the global "addressable" BPO market is worth $122 - $154 billion, of which: 35-40 retail banking, 25-35 insurance, 10-12 travel/hospitality, 10-12 auto, 8-10 telecoms, 8 pharma, 10-15 others and 20-25 is finance, accounting and HR. Moreover, they estimate that 8% of that capacity was utilized as of 2006.
The Net Farm Income must be large enough (unless there are other sources of income) to cover additional items such as the principal portion of the loan payments, the producer's NISA contribution, the personal draw Whether you analyze the Net Farm Income from previous years .
projected Net Farm Income for the coming year, you need to ask yourself a number of questions: "Am I satisfied with the current Net Farm Income?"; "Can the value of the farm production be increased or the costs reduced to improved the income?”;” What went well and what can be done better to improve the overall profitability?"; "How do my results stack up against the plan prepared last year, other similar farms in the area, and bench-mark costs of production for similar enterprises? “An in-depth analysis will involve looking at each enterprise and each source of revenue and expense to see what could be done to improve the overall income.
Business process outsourcing
(BPO) is a form of outsourcing that involves the contracting of the operations and responsibilities of a specific business functions (or processes) to a third-party service provider. Originally, this was associated with manufacturing firms, such as Coca Cola that outsourced large segments of its supply chain In the contemporary context, it is primarily used to refer to the outsourcing of services.
BPO is typically categorized into back office outsourcing - which includes internal business functions such as human resources or finance and accounting, and front office outsourcing - which includes customer-related services such as contact center services.
Typically, a company is given the freedom to grow at a rapid, steady pace rather than being constrained by large capital expenditures for people or equipment that may take years to amortize, may become outdated or turn out to be a poor match for the company over time.
Although the above-mentioned arguments favor the view that BPO increases the flexibility of organizations, management needs to be careful with the implementation of it as there are a few stumbling blocks, which could counter these advantages. Among problems, which arise in practice are: A failure to meet service levels, unclear contractual issues, changing requirements and unforeseen charges, and a dependence on the BPO which reduces flexibility. Consequently, these challenges need to be considered before a company decides to engage in business process outsourcing
BPO is typically categorized into back office outsourcing - which includes internal business functions such as human resources or finance and accounting, and front office outsourcing - which includes customer-related services such as contact center services.
Typically, a company is given the freedom to grow at a rapid, steady pace rather than being constrained by large capital expenditures for people or equipment that may take years to amortize, may become outdated or turn out to be a poor match for the company over time.
Although the above-mentioned arguments favor the view that BPO increases the flexibility of organizations, management needs to be careful with the implementation of it as there are a few stumbling blocks, which could counter these advantages. Among problems, which arise in practice are: A failure to meet service levels, unclear contractual issues, changing requirements and unforeseen charges, and a dependence on the BPO which reduces flexibility. Consequently, these challenges need to be considered before a company decides to engage in business process outsourcing
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)